Unit 6: Cell Reproduction

Question 1

Anaphase

Answer 1

The third phase of mitosis. During this phase, the sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers.

Question 2

Asexual reproduction

Answer 2

Reproduction not requiring fertilization; only involves one parent.

Question 3

Binary fission

Answer 3

A method of asexual reproduction in which single-celled organisms like bacteria reproduce by replicating their DNA and splitting in half.

Question 4

Budding

Answer 4

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual organ isms develop from one parent organism

Question 5

Cancer

Answer 5

Condition caused by uncontrolled cell growth where cells grow and divide continuously at an unregulated pace. This can result in the formation of a group of cancer cells called a tumor.

Question 6

Cell cycle

Answer 6

The sequence of phases that a eukaryotic cell progresses through beginning with its origin in the division of a parent cell and ending with its own division.

Question 7

Cell division

Answer 7

Process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells.

Question 8

Centromere

Answer 8

The section of a chromosome where the spindles attach during cell division.

Question 9

Checkpoint

Answer 9

Times where the cell cycle can be stopped if the appropriate signals or feedback information are not provided to regulatory proteins.

Question 10

Chromatid

Answer 10

A replicated chromosome, joined by the centromere to a copy of the chromosome

Question 11

Chromatin

Answer 11

Substance containing DNA and protein that is housed in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
DNA that is uncoiled and spread through out the nucleus

Question 12

Chromosome

Answer 12

A tightly wound bundle of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells.

Question 13

Crossing over

Answer 13

The exchange of genetic material creating a recombination of the chromosomes that occurs during prophase I of meiosis. This results in genetic variation

Question 14

Cytokenesis

Answer 14

The final stage of cell division in eukaryotes and prokaryotes when the cytoplasm of the dividing cell splits in two and two new daughter cells are formed. In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate.

Question 15

Diploid

Answer 15

A cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes and is designated as 2n.

Question 16

DNA replication

Answer 16

The process of copying DNA in preparation for cell division.

Question 17

First gap (G1)

Answer 17

First stage of interphase when the cell grows rapidly while performing its normal life processes.

Question 18

Fragmentation

Answer 18

Type of asexual reproduction where a parent organism divides into fragments, or pieces, and each fragment develops into a new organism.

Question 19

Gamete

Answer 19

The haploid reproductive cells formed by meiotic cell division of a germ cell: egg (female) or sperm (male).

Question 20

Gametogenesis

Answer 20

The development of haploid cells into gametes.

Question 21

Gene

Answer 21

The basic unit of heredity in a living organism; a segment of DNA or RNA

Question 22

Haploid

Answer 22

A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes and is designated as 1n.

Question 23

Histones

Answer 23

Protein around which chromosomal DNA is wound in eukaryotic cells.

Question 24

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 24

Pair of chromosomes that are identical in appearance and contain the same information. Homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis and offspring receive one chromosome from each parent.

Question 25

Independent assortment

Answer 25

Homologous chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase I of meiosis. This results in gametes that have unique combinations of chrombsomes.

Question 26

Interphase

Answer 26

The phase of the cell cycle where a cell spends most of its time. During interphase the cel grows, performs life processes, and prepares to divide. This phase includes the G1, S, and G2 stages

Question 27

Meiosis

Answer 27

The cell division process that creates egg and sperm cells.

Question 28

Metaphase

Answer 28

Second phase of mitosis. During this phase, the spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids and the sister chromatids line up at the center of the dividing cell

Question 29

Mitosis

Answer 29

The stage of the cell cycle that includes the division of the nucleus. The steps include: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Question 30

Oogenesis

Answer 30

The process that results in the production of female gametes (eggs, or ova).

Question 31

Prophase

Answer 31

The longest and first phase of mitosis. During this phase, the chromosomes first appear, the nuclear membrane breaks down and, in animal cells, the centrioles near the nucleus begin to separate and move to opposite poles.

Question 32

Second gap (G2)

Answer 32

Third stage of interphase when the cell grows and makes final preparations for cell division. During this stage, additional proteins and organelles are formed

Question 33

Sexual reproduction

Answer 33

The production of offspring in which two parents give rise to offspring with combinations of genes inherited from both parents via union of the gametes.

Question 34

Spermatogenisis

Answer 34

The process that results in the production of male gametes (sperm).

Question 35

Synthesis (S)

Answer 35

Second stage of interphase when the cell’s DNA is copied during a process called
DNA replication.

Question 36

Telophase

Answer 36

The fourth and final phase of mitosis. During this phase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. Two new nuclei also begin to form in the dividing cell at opposite poles.

Question 37

Tumor

Answer 37

A mass of abnormal cells that can be cancerous.

Question 38

Zygote

Answer 38

A fertilized egg, the first cell of the new organism created through fertilization