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Biology Vocabulary > Unit 7: Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Unit 7: Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Activator

A

A regulatory protein that switches on a gene

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2
Q

Adenine (A)

A

one of the DNA bases - a purine that consists of a 2-ring structure

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3
Q

Anti-codon

A

complementary set of 3 nitrogen bases on the tRNA molecule which binds to the
codons on the mRNA strand

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4
Q

Base Pair Rule

A

complementary base pairs: Adenine (A) always pairs to Thymine (T) and Guanine
(G) always pairs to Cytosine (C)

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5
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA transcribed to make RNA, which is then used to make proteins.
(DNA -> RNA -> protein)

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6
Q

Chargaff rule

A

the number of guanine (G) equals the number of cytosine (C); and the number of adenine (A) equals the number of thymine (T)

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7
Q

Chromosomal alteration

A

mutations that change chromosome structure, and include deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, and translocation - they often result in the death of the organism

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8
Q

Codon

A

bases combined in groups of three to form a code - each one coding for one amino acid

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9
Q

Cytosine

A

one of the DNA bases - a pyrimidine that consists of a 1-ring structure

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10
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA - nucleic acid that stores genetic in structions to make proteins -
codes for genes (traits)

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11
Q

DNA polymerase

A

builder enzyme’ - enzyme that transcribes RNA from a DNA template

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12
Q

DNA replication

A

process in which DNA is copied during the synthesis phase of the eukaryotic
cell cycle

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13
Q

Double Helix

A

“spiral staircase’ structure of the DNA molecule

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14
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, insertions add nucleotides

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15
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which the information contained in a gene becomes a useful product (a protein); the result of coding information determined by DNA, includes what the organism looks like, and all of the tissue development such as protein building

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16
Q

Genetic code

A

the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, C, G, U) in a mRNA chain

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17
Q

Germline mutation

A

changes in DNA that occur in the gametes, can be transmitted to offsprin
and every cell in the offspring will have the mutation

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18
Q

Guanine (G)

A

one of the DNA bases - a purine that consists of a 2-ring structure

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19
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds a segment of DNA during replication, separating the strands a forming a replication fork.

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

complementary base pairs are held together with a hydrogen bond (the DN double helix ‘steps”)

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21
Q

Lagging strand

A

the strand of replicated DNA that is built in segments called Okazaki fragment

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22
Q

Leading strand

A

the strand of replicated DNA that is continuously assembled

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23
Q

Ligase

A

‘gluer’ enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to form a continuous strand of DNA

24
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A gene that codes for a protein is transcribed into mRNA. This message is than translated (made) into a protein on the ribosome

25
Q

Mutagen

A

physical, chemical, or environmental factor that changes the genetic material

26
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of bases in DNA or RNA

27
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

molecule that makes up a nucleotide - can be adenine (A), thymine (T),
cytosine (C), or guanine (G)

28
Q

Nucleotides

A

molecule made of a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
(A, T, C, G)

29
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

segments of nucleotides that are added together to form the lagging strand in replicated DNA

30
Q

Point mutation

A

a change in a single nucleotide in DNA and is usually less serious - can be a
silent mutation; missense mutation, or nonsense mutation (usually serious)

31
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

a protein made of a specific sequence of amino acids

32
Q

Primase

A

initializer enzyme’ that creates a primer so the DNA polymerase knows where to start
adding bases

33
Q

Promoter

A

where RNA polymerase binds to a region of the gene

34
Q

Protein synthesis

A

process where proteins are formed by bonding amino acids into long chains

35
Q

Purines

A

2-ring molecule that can be part of a nucleotide - adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines

36
Q

Pyrimidines

A

1-ring molecule that can be part of a nucleotide - thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are pyrimidines

37
Q

Reading frame

A

dividing the sequence of nucleotides into a set of three bases to form a codon

38
Q

Regulatory protein

A

proteins that either turn a gene on’ or ‘off’

39
Q

Replication fork

A

Y -shaped structure that forms during the process of DNA replication; the unseparated double stranded DNA represents the base of the Y; the separated single strands are the arms of the Y

40
Q

Repressor

A

a regulatory protein that turns a gene off

41
Q

Ribose

A

sugarfound in RNA (deoxyribose sugar is in DNA)

42
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are assembled

43
Q

RNA

A

ribon ucleic acid - involved in protein synthesis

44
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that binds to a region of the gene called the promoter

45
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

used X-ray diffraction in 1952 to understand the structure of DNA

46
Q

Semiconservative

A

one half of the old DNA strand is always kept in a new strand

47
Q

Somatic mutation

A

mutation that occurs in the body cells and may have little effect on the
organism since they are confined to just one cell and it’s daughter cells, these mutations do n pass to offspring

48
Q

Start codon

A

the codon AUG (the amino acid methionine) establishes the starting point of reading mRNA

49
Q

Stop codon (termination codon)

A

UAG, UGA, and UAA codons do not code for amino acids bu tells mRNA where to stop reading

50
Q

Thymine

A

one of the DNA bases - a pyrimidine that consists of a 1-ring structure

51
Q

Transcription

A

the process where a cell copies the information in a gene (in the DNA) to
messenger RNA

52
Q

Transcription factor

A

proteins that play a central role in regulating transcription to help determin
which genes are active in each cell of the body

53
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

carries the amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined to form protein

54
Q

Translation

A

process where mRNA is decoded and amino acids are bonded together to form a protein

55
Q

Uracil

A

nitrogen base found in RNA (instead of thymine T) - pairs with A in RNA

56
Q

Watson and Crick

A

discovered the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, along with others who contributed

Biology Vocabulary (11 decks)

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