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A2 Biology > Unit 8 - Control of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Control of Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutation

A

Any change to one or more nucleotide bases or any rearrangement of bases in DNA.
Occur spontaneously due to external mutagens.

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2
Q

Types of mutation that can occur

A

Addition, deletion, substitution, inversion, duplication and translocation.

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3
Q

Types of mutation (overall effect on DNA)

A

Silent
Termination
Frameshift

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4
Q

Transcription factor

A

Protein molecule that binds to a promoter and turns on gene expression.

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5
Q

Promoter

A

Short region of DNA upstream from a gene, which the transcription factor binds to.

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6
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins produced by the genome

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7
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic material in an organism

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8
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

Involves the transfer of fragments of DNA from one organism (or species) to another.

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9
Q

Palindrome

A

Two sequences being opposite to one another

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10
Q

Transformation

A

The reintroduction of the new plasmid into bacterial cells.

Involves mixing plasmids and bacterial cells together in a Ca2+ rich medium.

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11
Q

Vector

A

Transfers genes from one organisms into another

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12
Q

Gene marker

A

Way of identifying which cells have taken up the plasmid with the desired gene

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13
Q

Primers

A

Short nucleotide sequences that have a set of bases complementary to those at one end of each of the two DNA fragments

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14
Q

Translocation of bases

A

A portion of DNA becomes separated and reinserted itself into another chromosome

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15
Q

Mutagenic agents

A

High energy ionising radiation, chemicals and other things may cause mutations within DNA

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16
Q

Totipotency

A

Can differentiate into any type of cell

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17
Q

Pluripotency

A

Can differentiate into almost any type of cell

18
Q

Multipotency

A

Can differentiate into a limited number of cells

19
Q

Unipotency

A

Can differentiate into only one type of cell

20
Q

Oestrogen

A

A hormone which activates transcription when it isn’t meant to occur.
Bonds to receptor that changes transcription factors shape.

21
Q

Epigenetics

A

Looks at how the environment affects the expression of genes within organisms

22
Q

Acetylation

A

Attachment of acetyl tags to the histones which unwind and become more loosely associated with the DNA leading to the switching on of genes

23
Q

Methylation

A

Attachment of methyl tags to be cytosine bases leading to a stronger association between histones and DNA leading to the switching off of genes.

24
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated version of proto-oncogene. Leads to uncontrolled cell division

25
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A

Gene in charge of suppressing rumour growth in cells

26
Q

Restriction endonuclease

A

Enzyme used to chop up DNA leaving either blunt or sticky ends

27
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Enzyme used to make DNA from RNA strands. Important in development of insulin producing DNA from DNA templates

28
Q

Palindrome

A

When sticky ends are produced, the same enzyme is used creating complimentary ends known as a palindrome

29
Q

Vector

A

Thing in which DNA is transported into a cell having been developed

30
Q

Promoter

A

Portion of genetic material upstream of a coding sequence to which the transcriptional factor attaches

31
Q

RISC

A

Enzyme guided by siRNA strand to the target mRNA and cuts it into smaller pieces

32
Q

DICER

A

Initially cuts up double stranded RNA into siRNA

33
Q

siRNA

A

Small portions of mRNA that guide the RISC enzyme to its complimentary portion of target mRNA

34
Q

Marker genes

A

Genes used to highlight whether an artificially inserted gene has been successfully incorporated into a genome of an organism

35
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

Process by which DNA can be copied in a machine using varying temperatures

36
Q

DNA hybridisation

A

When DNA or DNA is heated hip causing separation of strands which when cooled will join with whichever complimentary base sequence they contact first

37
Q

Genetic screening

A

Ability to search within an organisms DNA for a specific allele

38
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Technique used to split up DNA fragments for analysis and comparison to other DNA samples

39
Q

Genetic counselling

A

Where advice and information is given to couples in order to make informed decisions about their offspring

40
Q

Vntrs

A

Variable number tandem repeats are portion of non coding bases of DNA. 95% of the human genome is introns

A2 Biology (14 decks)

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