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A2 Biology > Unit 7 Definitions > Flashcards

Unit 7 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

Self-contained unit made up of biotic and abiotic factors in the area

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2
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species in a habitat

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3
Q

Community

A

Organisms of all species that live in the same area

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4
Q

Habitat

A

Place where an organisms normally lives

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5
Q

Niche

A

All the conditions and resources required for an organisms to survive and reproduce

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6
Q

Random sampling

A

Sampling a population to eliminate bias

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7
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Regular sampling across an area

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8
Q

Mark release recapture

A

Method of estimating population size of animals

(Marked in 1st sample X no. In 2nd sample)/marked in 2nd sample

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9
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Concerned with non-living part of the environment

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10
Q

Biotic factors

A

Concerned with living part of the environment

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11
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between organisms of different species

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12
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between organisms of the same species

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13
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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14
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Process of adding a phosphate group (e.g. ADP ->ATP)

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15
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

Stage of photo synthesis in which light energy is required to produce ATP and reduced NADP

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16
Q

Light independent reaction

A

Stage of photosynthesis which does not require light energy directly, but does need the products of the light dependent reaction to reduce CO2 and form carbohydrate.

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17
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons, combining oxygen with a substance

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18
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons, loss of oxygen from a substance

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19
Q

Electron carrier molecules

A

A chain of carrier molecules along which electrons pass, releasing energy in the form of ATP as they do so.

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20
Q

Photolysis of water

A

Light energy splits water molecules, yielding electrons, hydrogen ions and oxygen (from LDR)

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21
Q

Calvin cycle

A

A biochemical pathway (part of LIR) where CO2 is reduced to form carbohydrate.
CO2 + RuBP –> GP –> TP –> Glucose or RuBP

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22
Q

Limiting factor

A

A variable that limits the rate of a chemical reaction

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23
Q

Glycolysis

A

First part of cellular respiration to which glucose is broken down (in the cytoplasm to 2 molecules of pyruvate

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24
Q

Link reaction

A

Process linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle (in the matrix of the mitochondria), where the 2 molecules of pyruvate are converted to CO2 and acetylcoenzyme A

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25
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Introducing acetylcoenzyme A into a cycle of oxidation-reduction reactions (in the matrix of the mitochondria) that yield some ATP and a large number of electrons

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26
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Use of electrons from the Krebs cycle to synthesise ATP via a series of oxidation-reduction reactions

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27
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Releasing energy from glucose without oxygen (produces lactate in animals and ethanol in plants and some micro-organisms)

28
Q

Trophic level

A

Each stage in a food chain

29
Q

Consumers

A

Organism that obtains its energy by feeding on other organisms

30
Q

Gross production

A

Total quantity of energy that the plants in a community convert to organic matter

31
Q

Net production

A

Gross production-respiratory losses

32
Q

Energy transfer

A

(Energy available after the transfer/energy available before the transfer) X 100

33
Q

Pyramid of number

A

A pyramid drawn with bar lengths proportional to the number of organisms present

34
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

Pyramid drawn with bar lengths proportional to the mass of plants/animals

35
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

A pyramid drawn with bar lengths proportional to the energy stored in organisms

36
Q

Biological control

A

Controlling pests by introducing predators

37
Q

Selective breeding

A

Breeding of organisms by human selection of parents for certain characteristics

38
Q

Saprobiontic micro organism

A

An organism that gets it food from the dead or decaying remains of other organisms

39
Q

Green house gases

A

Gases such as methane and CO2 which trap more heat energy, raising the earths temperature

40
Q

Ammonification

A

Production of ammonia from e.g. Urea and proteins

41
Q

Nitrification

A

Converting ammonia into nitrites and the nitrates

42
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion of nitrogen gas intro nitrogen-containing compounds

43
Q

Denitrification

A

Conversion of soil nitrates into nitrogen gas

44
Q

Leaching

A

Process by which nutrients are washed from the soil into watercourses

45
Q

Eutrophication

A

Consequence of an increase in nutrients in watercourses that leads to a decrease in biodiversity

46
Q

Succession

A

The changes in an ecosystem, over time, of the species that occupy it

47
Q

Pioneer species

A

A species that can colonise bare rock or ground

48
Q

Climax community

A

The stable, final, community that exists in a balanced equilibrium

49
Q

Conservation

A

Management of the Earth’s natural resources in such a way that maximum use can be made of them in the future.

50
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an organism

51
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an organism, resulting from its genotype and the environment

52
Q

Gene

A

A length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

53
Q

Allele

A

One form of a gene

54
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes that have the same gene lock and determine the same features

55
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype

56
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when there is another identical allele

57
Q

Heterozygous

A

When the alleles are different for a particular gene

58
Q

Homozygous

A

When the alleles are the same for a particular gene

59
Q

Sex linkage

A

Any gene that is carried in the X or Y chromosome

60
Q

Co-dominance

A

Both alleles are equally dominant and are both expressed in the phenotype

61
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than two possible alleles for a particular gene

62
Q

Gene pool

A

All the alleles of all the genes of all in the individuals in a population at any one time

63
Q

Allelic frequency

A

The number of times the allele occurs within a gene pool

64
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Selection that favours average individuals

65
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection that favours individuals at one extreme

66
Q

Speciation

A

The evolution of new species from an existing species

67
Q

Geographical isolation

A

When a physical barrier prevents two populations from breeding with one another

A2 Biology (14 decks)

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