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A2 Biology > Unit 6 - Organisms respond to changes in their environments > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Organisms respond to changes in their environments Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Between the Schwann cells.

Used in action potential and speed up the impulse.

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2
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The propagation of actions potentials along a myelinated neurone from one node of ranvier to the next.

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3
Q

Factors that affect impulse speed

A
  • Myelination increases the speed of impulse transmission due to saltatory conduction.
  • The wider the axon the greater the speed of conduction.
  • The higher the temperature the greater the transmission speed due to faster diffusion of ions.
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4
Q

Dendrons

A

Extensions of cells body which divide into dendrites.

Carry nerve impulses towards cell body.

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5
Q

Axon

A

Long single fibre that carries nerve impulses away from cell body.

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6
Q

Schwann cells

A

Surround axon, protect and insulate it. Carry out phagocytosis and form the myelin sheath.

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7
Q

Repolarisation

A

Membrane becomes polarised again and a resting potential is reestablished.
Means an action potential can be generated again

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8
Q

Action potential

A

Sodium ion channels open

Sodium ions enter cell and cause depolarisation

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9
Q

Sensory neutrons carry

A

Nerve impulses from receptors towards CNS

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10
Q

Motor neurones carry

A

Nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors

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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Stimulates effectors and speeds up any activity.

Controls effectors during strenuous exercise or powerful emotions helping us cope with stressful situations.

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12
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Inhibits effectors and slows down any activity.
Controls activity under normal resting conditions.
Conserves energy and replenishes body’s reserves.

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13
Q

Taxes

A

Simple, directional response

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14
Q

Kinesis

A

Response which is not directional but instead affects the speed to try and find a new environment

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15
Q

Tropism

A

Direction of growth in plants affected by different stimuli

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16
Q

IAA

A

A plant growth factor which inhibits growth in the root and promotes growth in the stem tip

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17
Q

Central nervous system

A

Made up of brain and spine

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18
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of the nerves that originate in brain if spine and is split into sensory and motor neurones

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19
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Pigment used in rod cells

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20
Q

Iodopsin

A

Pigment used in cone cells

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Stimulates effectors and speeds up an activity

22
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Inhibits efforts and slows down an activity

23
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Group of cells found above the right atrium which stimulates heart contraction

24
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Region of the brain which controls heart rate

25
Q

Nervous system

A

Uses nerve cells to pass electrical impulses

Responses are rapid and temporary

26
Q

Hormonal system

A

Uses bloodstream to transport hormones to cells

Response is slower and often long-lasting

27
Q

Neurone

A

Specialised cell for transporting impulses

Consists of cell body, dendrons, an axon and Schwann cells

28
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Portions of lipid-rich membrane that wrap around nerve cells to insulate them and allow faster impulse transmission

29
Q

Depolarisation

A

Sodium ions flood into the axon flipping the charges and causing an action potential

30
Q

Hyper polarisation

A

As potassiums ions flood out of the axon carrying an unusually high negative charge within the axon

31
Q

Refractory period

A

Sodium voltage gates close and it is impossible for another impulse to be passed on
Allows differentiation between impulses

32
Q

Sarcomere

A

Portion of myofibril between Z lines and containing the A band and the H zone

33
Q

Slow-twitch fibres

A

Contract more slowly and with less force but over a longer period
Large store of myoglobin

34
Q

Fast twitch fibres

A

Contract quicker and with more force but over a shorter period of time
Large store of phosphocreatine

35
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A

Theory that actin and myosin fibres slide past each other during contraction

36
Q

Phosphocreatine

A

chemical used to rapidly regenerate ATP. Stored in the muscle and is reserve store of phosphate

37
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of an internal environment within strict limits in organisms

38
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by beta cells in the islets of the langerhans that convert glucose into glycogen

39
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone produced by alpha cells in the islets of langerhans that convert glycogen into glucose

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

Process by which the body responds to a bodily condition staying away from the ideal level.
It brings back to a normal level

41
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

42
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

43
Q

ADH

A

Hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland. It affects the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule

44
Q

Loop of Henley

A

Section of the nephron that begins in the cortex, drops into the medulla and returns into the cortex. It primarily deals with the reabsorption of water from the filtrate

45
Q

Glomerulus

A

Ball do intertwined capillaries that are situated in the bowmans capsule
The filtrate is forced out here

46
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells surrounding the glomerular capillaries.

They allow the movement of necessary molecules

47
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The conversion of glucose to glycogen in response to high blood glucose concentrations. The liver removes glucose from the blood and converts it to glycogen.

48
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose in response to low blood glucose concentrations. The liver can convert stored glycogen into glucose which diffuses into the blood.

49
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Production of glucose from sources other than carbohydrate. When the glycogen supply is exhausted, the liver can produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as glycerol and amino acids

50
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons. Diverge into capillaries of glomerulus

A2 Biology (14 decks)

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