Unit 8

Question 1

Can hormones act anywhere in the body

Answer 1

No, they can only produce effects on specific target cells

Question 2

Explain a negative feedback system

Answer 2

Once the levels of a specific hormone drop below the needed levels, the appropriate endocrine gland is stimulated to produce more hormones. When proper hormone levels are reached in the bloodstream, then the production of that hormone is reduced.

Question 3

Hypothalamus is part of what

Answer 3

Diencephalon

Question 4

What connects anterior pituitary to hypothalamus

Answer 4

Small blood vessels called a portal system

Question 5

What connects posterior pituitary to hypothalamus

Answer 5

Specialized nerves

Question 6

Hormones that the posterior pituitary produces

Answer 6

NONE, only stores

Question 7

Hormones that the anterior pituitary produces

Answer 7

GH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 8

What hormones does the posterior pituitary store and what produces those hormones

Answer 8

Anitdiuretic & oxytocin, from hypothalamus

Question 9

How does the hypothalamus control which hormones the anterior pituitary gland releases

Answer 9

By using releasing & inhibiting factors

Question 10

Function of growth hormone

Answer 10

Young animals: Promotes growth of body, especially bone & muscle. All ages: Regulates metabolism of proteins, carbs, & lipids in all body cells.

Question 11

Function of prolactin

Answer 11

Stimulates lactation in the mammary glands. Prolactin production/release continues as long as the teat is still being stimulated

Question 12

Function of thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 12

Causes thyroid gland to produce its hormones, regulated by feedback from the thyroid gland

Question 13

Function of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 13

Stimulates growth/development of the adrenal gland cortex, also stimulates release of some adrenal cortex hormones

Question 14

Function of follicle-stimulating hormone (females)

Answer 14

Acts in ovaries to stimulate growth & development of follicles as well as stimulating the cells lining the follicles to produce/secrete estrogens

Question 15

Function of FSH in males

Answer 15

Acts in testes to develop spermatogenesis

Question 16

Function of luteinizing hormone (females)

Answer 16

Completes process of follicle development in the ovary

Question 17

What happens when LH peaks

Answer 17

Ovulation occurs, the follicle was mature

Question 18

Following ovulation, LH stimulates the remaining cells in the empty follicle to what

Answer 18

Form the corpus luteum, which produces progestin hormone that is needed to maintain the pregnancy

Question 19

Function of LH in males

Answer 19

Stimulates interstitial cells in testes to develop/produce testosterone

Question 20

Another name for FSH and LH

Answer 20

Gonadotropins

Question 21

Function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Answer 21

Effects in domestic animals unknown, involved in camouflage of other species

Question 22

What is diuresis

Answer 22

Producing & passing large amounts of urine

Question 23

Function of ADH

Answer 23

Acts in kidneys to help prevent diuresis, ADH released when dehydration is detected in the body. Kidneys reabsorb more water from urine

Question 24

Function of oxytocin (not involving mammary gland)

Answer 24

Acts in smooth muscle of uterus to cause contraction of uterine smooth muscle at time of breeding & birthing

Question 25

Function of oxytocin in the mamary glands

Answer 25

Stimulate milk let down, released into bloodstream by the teat being stimulated

Question 26

Hormones of the thyroid gland

Answer 26

Thyroid hormone & calcitionin

Question 27

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, & sex hormones

Question 28

Hormones of adrenal medulla

Answer 28

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

Question 29

Hormones of the pancreas

Answer 29

Insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin

Question 30

Function of thyroid hormone

Answer 30

Acts in body cells in many areas in the body & has numerous functions; hyperglycemic effect, stimulates cardiac output & increases heart rate, promotes bone & muscle growth, maintains body temp & metabolism, stimulates gut motility, promotes hair growth & healthy skin

Question 31

Explain calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones

Answer 31

Regulates metabolic rate of body's cells, allowing the animal to generate heat & maintain homeostasis. Affects metabolism of proteins, carbs, & lipids

Question 32

Signs of hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

Fast heart rate, abnormally lean (high metabolism), high blood sugar, increased shedding

Question 33

Signs of hypothyroidism

Answer 33

Slow heart rate, chubby (slow metabolism), low blood sugar, less shedding, cold

Question 34

Function of calcitonin (secreted from C cells of thyroid gland)

Answer 34

Decreases blood calcium levels by moving excess calcium in the bloodstream to the bones, prevents hypercalcemia

Question 35

Function of parathyroid hormone

Answer 35

Acts in bones, kidneys, & intestines to increase blood calcium levels by moving calcium from bones to the bloodstream, prevents hypocalcemia

Question 36

Outer portion of adrenal gland

Answer 36

Adrenal cortex

Question 37

Inner part of adrenal gland

Answer 37

Adrenal medulla

Question 38

Alpha cells of pancreas

Answer 38

Glucagon

Question 39

Beta cells of pancreas

Answer 39

Insulin

Question 40

Delta cells of pancreas

Answer 40

Somatostatin

Question 41

Function of insulin

Answer 41

Acts in cell membranes to allow cells to take in glucose, it acts to decrease blood glucose levels by moving glucose from the bloodstream into body cells, prevents hyperglycemia

Question 42

Function of glucagon

Answer 42

Acts in liver cells to convert stored glycogen into glucose & send it to the bloodstream, also stimulates gluceogenesis- conversion of fat & protein into glucose

Question 43

Function of somatostatin

Answer 43

Inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, & GH. Can also diminish activity of GI tract

Question 44

Describe diabetes mellitus

Answer 44

Lack of insulin or non-functional insulin which leads to abnormally high blood glucose levels

Question 45

Function of testosterone

Answer 45

Acts in bone, muscle, & reproductive system to provide development of secondary sex characteristics & accessory sex glands, activates spermatogenesis, stimulates build of muscle & bone

Question 46

Function of estrogen

Answer 46

Acts in reproductive system & in other areas of the body to develop secondary sex characteristics as well as playing a role in estrous cycles

Question 47

Function of progestins

Answer 47

Acts in uterus to help prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum, works to maintain pregnancy

Question 48

Function of erythropoietin

Answer 48

Acts in bone marrow to stimulate it to increase production of RBCs, stimulated by hypoxia