Unit 12 & 13 Flashcards by Emily Klatzer

Pertaining to kidney

renal, nephro

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Absence of urine formation by kidneys

anuria

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Only scant amount of urine produced

oliguria

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Excessive urination

polyuria

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Two whats and one what (ureter/urethra)

Two ureters, one urethra

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Kidneys filder blood to produce urine by

Blood filtration/absorption/secretion, fluid balance regulation, acid-base balance & regulation, hormone production

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Which kidney is located more cranially

Right

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Located where in relation to abdominal cavity

Retropetironeal (outside parietal peritoneum)

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Kidneys bean shaped, except lobulated in

Cattle

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What enters the hilus

Blood, lymph vessels, ureters enter & leave kidney

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Layers of ureters

Outer fibrous, middle (smooth) muscle, inner (transitional) epithelial

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Angle that ureters enter urinary bladder

Oblique, prevents urine from backing up into the ureter being that it collapses if the bladder is full

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Bladder composed of what two parts

Muscular sac, neck

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Urination, micturition, and uresis all describe

Urine from bladder - urethra- out of body

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2 step process of urination

Urinary bladder constantly accumulates urine. Trigger point eventually reached, spinal reflex is activated that returns the motot impulse to the bladder muscles and causes them to contract

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Describe female urethra

Short, straight, wide

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Describe male urethra

Long, curved

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Uroliths common in what animals

Cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs

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Convoluted means

Twisted

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Fenestrations means

Small holes/ pores

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Majority of nephron located where

Renal cortex portion of kidney

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Renal corpuscle composed of what, does what

Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule, filters blood

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Allows fluid and water soluble waste to leave blood and enter the nephron

Glomerulus

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Holds fluid/waste filtered out of blood

Bowman’s capsule

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Continuation of Bowman's capsule, follows a convoluted path through renal cortex

Proximal convoluted tubule

Between the convoluted tubules, descends into medulla of the kidney then makes a U-turn and goes back to the cortex

Loop of Henle

Continuation of Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule dumped into the collecting ducts that carry filtrate through medulla and then empty into the

Renal pelvis, leads to ureter

Up to what % of blood goes to the kidneys

25%

All circulating blood passes through the kidneys in how many minutes

4-5 minutes

Blood flow in kidney

Renal artery, arteries, arterioles, afferent glomerular arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent glomerular arterioles, peritbubular capillaries, venules, veins, renal vein

Filtrate flow in kidney

Renal corupuscle, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting ducts

Glomerular capillaries contain fenestrations, the high blood pressure causes plasma to leave the capillaries and enter the Bowman's capsule. This step called

Filtration

Occurs in proximal & distal convoluted tubules, substances taken to peritubular capillaries instead of out of body. This step called

Reabsorption

Other waste products must be removed, occurs in distal convoluted tubule. This step called

Secretion

Examples of what body wants to keep

Na, K, Ca, Mg, glucose, amino acids, chloride, bicarbonate, water

Examples of what body wants to get rid of

H, ammonia, excess K

Primary spermatocyte into two secondary spermatocytes, which divide into four spermatids, which mature into what

Spermatozoa

Primary oocyte into large secondary oocyte and small polar body, which divide into three polar bodies and one

Ovum

Time period when famale animal is in heat (receptive to breeding)

Estrus

Time period from one estrus cycle to the next

Estrous cycle

Female gonads called ovaries, two functions are

Produce reproductive cells & hormones

Site of fertilization

Oviducts

Funnel-like end of oviduct

Infundibulum

Finger-like extensions at edges of infundibulum

Fimbriae

Oviducts contain what to guide the ova from ovary to uterus

Smooth muscle & ciliated cells

Y-shaped hollow, muscular organ that is the site of implantation of fertilized ovum

Uterus

Uterus is also where fertilized ovum develops into an embryo and eventually a fetus. Then forms part of

Placenta

Uterine layers

Inner endometrium, middle myometrium (smooth muscle), outer pertimetrium

Smooth muscle sphincter between uterus and vagina

Cervix

Cervix tightly closed except during

Parturition and estrus

Muscular tube extending caudally from cervix, connects with vulva

Vagina

Entrance to vagina

Vulva

Polyestrous, meaning and animals

Cycle continuously throughout year, cattle-swine-humans

Seasonally polyestrous, meaning and animals

Cycle continuously at certain times of year and not at all during others, horses-sheep-cats

Diestrous, meaning and animals

Two cycles per year, usually spring & fall, dogs

Monoestrous, meaning and animals

One cycle per year, fox-mink

Proestrous

Follicular development in ovary

Estrus

Heat- female allows breeding, estrogen levels at their peak, ovulation occurs

Metestrus

Period after ovulation, corpus luteum develops

Diestrus

Active ludeal stage, corpus luteum at max size

If animal not prego, goes back into

Proestrus/anestrus

If animal is prego, what happens

Endocrine signals maintain corpus luteum, allows pregnancy to continue

Anestrus

Period of temporary ovarian inactivity seen in polyestrous, diestrous, and monoestrous

Uniparous species

One mature egg developed at a time

Multiparous specis

More than one mature egg developed at one time

Primordial follicle, first stage of follicle development, oocyte surrounded by what

Single layer of follicular cells

Follicular recruitment/ activation, FSH released from anterior pituitary, primordial follicles being developing and are called

Growing follcle

Large follicle, lots of estrogen, what happens

Ovulation- rupture of mature follicle

Most species, ovulation occurs regardless of breeding. But in some species, breeding stimulated ovulation- animals called

Induced ovulators (cats, rabbits, ferrets)

After ovulation, follicle cells multiply to form what

Corpus luteum; influenced by LH, prduces progestins to maintain pregnancy

Relating to the testes

Orch/i

Head of sperm

Covered by caplike acrosome, contains digestive enzymes that help spermatozoon penetrate ovum

Midpiece of sperm

Powerplant of sperm cell

Tail of sperm

Whip-like movements propel sperm

Testes function

Spermatogenesis & hormone production (androgens)

Name the band of connective tissue that pulls the testes from the abominal cavity and into the scrotum (descent of the testes)

Gubernaculum

Slit like openings in abdominal muscles through which the testes descend into scrotum

Inguinal rings

What is cryptorchidism

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

Muscle that adjusts testes and therefore the temp of the testes

Cremaster muscle

Connects testes with rest of body

Spermatic cord

Meshwork of veins around testicular artery

Pampiniform plexus

Site of spermatogenesis

Seminiferous tubules

Cells that support and protect the developing spermatids

Sertoli cells

Epididymis is the ribbon-like structure along the edge of the testis, what is it the site for

Storage and maturation of spermatozoa

Musculuar tube connecting epididymis with urethra, moves sperm to urethra for ejaculation

Vas deferens

Functions of urethra in male

Urinary and reproductive (ejaculation)

Penis made up of what

Muscle, erectile tissue, connective tissue

Roots of penis

Two bands of connective tissue called crura that attach the penis to the pelvis

Body of penis

Contains erectile tissue

Glans of penis

Tip of penis, structure varies by species

What is the prepuce

Protecting sheath of skin enclosing penis

Bulb of glans does what

Enlarges toward rear of glans, engorges with blood and causes male & female dogs to be "tied" after mating

Non-erect penis of a bull and poar that is S-shaped but stretches out during erection

Sigmoid flexure