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Vets 135 > Unit 12 & 13 > Flashcards

Unit 12 & 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Pertaining to kidney

A

renal, nephro

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2
Q

Absence of urine formation by kidneys

A

anuria

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3
Q

Only scant amount of urine produced

A

oliguria

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4
Q

Excessive urination

A

polyuria

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5
Q

Two whats and one what (ureter/urethra)

A

Two ureters, one urethra

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6
Q

Kidneys filder blood to produce urine by

A

Blood filtration/absorption/secretion, fluid balance regulation, acid-base balance & regulation, hormone production

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7
Q

Which kidney is located more cranially

A

Right

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8
Q

Located where in relation to abdominal cavity

A

Retropetironeal (outside parietal peritoneum)

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9
Q

Kidneys bean shaped, except lobulated in

A

Cattle

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10
Q

What enters the hilus

A

Blood, lymph vessels, ureters enter & leave kidney

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11
Q

Layers of ureters

A

Outer fibrous, middle (smooth) muscle, inner (transitional) epithelial

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12
Q

Angle that ureters enter urinary bladder

A

Oblique, prevents urine from backing up into the ureter being that it collapses if the bladder is full

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13
Q

Bladder composed of what two parts

A

Muscular sac, neck

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14
Q

Urination, micturition, and uresis all describe

A

Urine from bladder - urethra- out of body

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15
Q

2 step process of urination

A

Urinary bladder constantly accumulates urine. Trigger point eventually reached, spinal reflex is activated that returns the motot impulse to the bladder muscles and causes them to contract

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16
Q

Describe female urethra

A

Short, straight, wide

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17
Q

Describe male urethra

A

Long, curved

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18
Q

Uroliths common in what animals

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs

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19
Q

Convoluted means

A

Twisted

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20
Q

Fenestrations means

A

Small holes/ pores

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21
Q

Majority of nephron located where

A

Renal cortex portion of kidney

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22
Q

Renal corpuscle composed of what, does what

A

Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule, filters blood

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23
Q

Allows fluid and water soluble waste to leave blood and enter the nephron

A

Glomerulus

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24
Q

Holds fluid/waste filtered out of blood

A

Bowman’s capsule

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25
Q

Continuation of Bowman’s capsule, follows a convoluted path through renal cortex

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

Between the convoluted tubules, descends into medulla of the kidney then makes a U-turn and goes back to the cortex

A

Loop of Henle

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27
Q

Continuation of Loop of Henle

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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28
Q

Distal convoluted tubule dumped into the collecting ducts that carry filtrate through medulla and then empty into the

A

Renal pelvis, leads to ureter

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29
Q

Up to what % of blood goes to the kidneys

A

25%

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30
Q

All circulating blood passes through the kidneys in how many minutes

A

4-5 minutes

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31
Q

Blood flow in kidney

A

Renal artery, arteries, arterioles, afferent glomerular arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent glomerular arterioles, peritbubular capillaries, venules, veins, renal vein

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32
Q

Filtrate flow in kidney

A

Renal corupuscle, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting ducts

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33
Q

Glomerular capillaries contain fenestrations, the high blood pressure causes plasma to leave the capillaries and enter the Bowman’s capsule. This step called

A

Filtration

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34
Q

Occurs in proximal & distal convoluted tubules, substances taken to peritubular capillaries instead of out of body. This step called

A

Reabsorption

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35
Q

Other waste products must be removed, occurs in distal convoluted tubule. This step called

A

Secretion

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36
Q

Examples of what body wants to keep

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg, glucose, amino acids, chloride, bicarbonate, water

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37
Q

Examples of what body wants to get rid of

A

H, ammonia, excess K

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38
Q

Primary spermatocyte into two secondary spermatocytes, which divide into four spermatids, which mature into what

A

Spermatozoa

39
Q

Primary oocyte into large secondary oocyte and small polar body, which divide into three polar bodies and one

A

Ovum

40
Q

Time period when famale animal is in heat (receptive to breeding)

A

Estrus

41
Q

Time period from one estrus cycle to the next

A

Estrous cycle

42
Q

Female gonads called ovaries, two functions are

A

Produce reproductive cells & hormones

43
Q

Site of fertilization

A

Oviducts

44
Q

Funnel-like end of oviduct

A

Infundibulum

45
Q

Finger-like extensions at edges of infundibulum

A

Fimbriae

46
Q

Oviducts contain what to guide the ova from ovary to uterus

A

Smooth muscle & ciliated cells

47
Q

Y-shaped hollow, muscular organ that is the site of implantation of fertilized ovum

A

Uterus

48
Q

Uterus is also where fertilized ovum develops into an embryo and eventually a fetus. Then forms part of

A

Placenta

49
Q

Uterine layers

A

Inner endometrium, middle myometrium (smooth muscle), outer pertimetrium

50
Q

Smooth muscle sphincter between uterus and vagina

A

Cervix

51
Q

Cervix tightly closed except during

A

Parturition and estrus

52
Q

Muscular tube extending caudally from cervix, connects with vulva

A

Vagina

53
Q

Entrance to vagina

A

Vulva

54
Q

Polyestrous, meaning and animals

A

Cycle continuously throughout year, cattle-swine-humans

55
Q

Seasonally polyestrous, meaning and animals

A

Cycle continuously at certain times of year and not at all during others, horses-sheep-cats

56
Q

Diestrous, meaning and animals

A

Two cycles per year, usually spring & fall, dogs

57
Q

Monoestrous, meaning and animals

A

One cycle per year, fox-mink

58
Q

Proestrous

A

Follicular development in ovary

59
Q

Estrus

A

Heat- female allows breeding, estrogen levels at their peak, ovulation occurs

60
Q

Metestrus

A

Period after ovulation, corpus luteum develops

61
Q

Diestrus

A

Active ludeal stage, corpus luteum at max size

62
Q

If animal not prego, goes back into

A

Proestrus/anestrus

63
Q

If animal is prego, what happens

A

Endocrine signals maintain corpus luteum, allows pregnancy to continue

64
Q

Anestrus

A

Period of temporary ovarian inactivity seen in polyestrous, diestrous, and monoestrous

65
Q

Uniparous species

A

One mature egg developed at a time

66
Q

Multiparous specis

A

More than one mature egg developed at one time

67
Q

Primordial follicle, first stage of follicle development, oocyte surrounded by what

A

Single layer of follicular cells

68
Q

Follicular recruitment/ activation, FSH released from anterior pituitary, primordial follicles being developing and are called

A

Growing follcle

69
Q

Large follicle, lots of estrogen, what happens

A

Ovulation- rupture of mature follicle

70
Q

Most species, ovulation occurs regardless of breeding. But in some species, breeding stimulated ovulation- animals called

A

Induced ovulators (cats, rabbits, ferrets)

71
Q

After ovulation, follicle cells multiply to form what

A

Corpus luteum; influenced by LH, prduces progestins to maintain pregnancy

72
Q

Relating to the testes

A

Orch/i

73
Q

Head of sperm

A

Covered by caplike acrosome, contains digestive enzymes that help spermatozoon penetrate ovum

74
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

Powerplant of sperm cell

75
Q

Tail of sperm

A

Whip-like movements propel sperm

76
Q

Testes function

A

Spermatogenesis & hormone production (androgens)

77
Q

Name the band of connective tissue that pulls the testes from the abominal cavity and into the scrotum (descent of the testes)

A

Gubernaculum

78
Q

Slit like openings in abdominal muscles through which the testes descend into scrotum

A

Inguinal rings

79
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

80
Q

Muscle that adjusts testes and therefore the temp of the testes

A

Cremaster muscle

81
Q

Connects testes with rest of body

A

Spermatic cord

82
Q

Meshwork of veins around testicular artery

A

Pampiniform plexus

83
Q

Site of spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubules

84
Q

Cells that support and protect the developing spermatids

A

Sertoli cells

85
Q

Epididymis is the ribbon-like structure along the edge of the testis, what is it the site for

A

Storage and maturation of spermatozoa

86
Q

Musculuar tube connecting epididymis with urethra, moves sperm to urethra for ejaculation

A

Vas deferens

87
Q

Functions of urethra in male

A

Urinary and reproductive (ejaculation)

88
Q

Penis made up of what

A

Muscle, erectile tissue, connective tissue

89
Q

Roots of penis

A

Two bands of connective tissue called crura that attach the penis to the pelvis

90
Q

Body of penis

A

Contains erectile tissue

91
Q

Glans of penis

A

Tip of penis, structure varies by species

92
Q

What is the prepuce

A

Protecting sheath of skin enclosing penis

93
Q

Bulb of glans does what

A

Enlarges toward rear of glans, engorges with blood and causes male & female dogs to be “tied” after mating

94
Q

Non-erect penis of a bull and poar that is S-shaped but stretches out during erection

A

Sigmoid flexure

Vets 135 (7 decks)

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