Unit 1 & 2 Flashcards by Emily Klatzer

Every cell needs

Glucose, oxygen, waste removal, essential amino acids

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Front limb surface above carpus/tarsus called

Cranial

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Back limb surface above carpus/tarsus called

Caudal

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Front/top surface of limb below carpus/tarsus

Dorsal

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Back surface of front limb below carpus

Palmar

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Back surface of hind limb below tarsus

Plantar

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Define anatomy

Form/structure

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Physiology

Functions of body & its parts

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Dorsal body cavity split into

Spinal & cranial cavities

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Ventral body cavity split into

Thoracic & abdominal cavities

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Thoracic cavity contains

Heart, lungs, major vessels, esophagus, lymph nodes

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Membrane lining thoracic cavity

Pleura

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Abdominal cavity contains

Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs

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Membrane lining abdominal cavity

Peritoneum

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Define health

State of normal A & P

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Define homeostasis

Maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in the body

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Basic function of epithelial tissue

Cover body surfaces, line body cavities, protection, absorption, form glands

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Basic function of connective tissue

Holds body together, gives support, storage of nutrients/minerals, electrolytes, transport, defense, repair

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Basic function of muscle tissue

Moves body inside & out

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Basic function of nervous tissue

Transmits info throughout body & controls body function

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Examples of epithelial functions & where its located

Protect (skin), filter substances (kidney), absorbs (GI tract), manufactures secretions & excretions (glands), provides sensory input (skin: pain, pressure, touch)

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3 general characteristics of epithelial tissue

Avascular, innervated, & basement membrane

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Function of basement membrane

Connects epithelial to underling connective

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Epithelial cells have a specific top & bottom, meaning they are

Polar (apical & basal surface)

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Where might you find microvilli, which increase surface area?

GI tract, respiratory tract

Where might you find cilia, which move in coordinated beats?

Respiratory tract, female reproductive tract

Keratin is a type of what?

Protein

Function of glandular epithelium

Makes & discharges secretions

Simple squamous epithelium found where?

Lines alveoli in lungs

Simple columnar epithelium found where?

GI tract (absorption)

Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized, found where?

Outer layer of skin (waterproof, helps prevent bacterial infection)

Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized, found where?

Moist areas like mouth

Transitional epithelium found where?

Bladder, ureters, urethra (forms a leak proof membrane)

Exocrine glands secrete

Substances onto internal or external body surface

Endocrine glands secrete

Hormones directly into bloodstream

Connective tissue features

Vascularized, most abundant tissue in the body, contains some non-living components

3 components of connective tissue

Cells, ground substance, extracellular fibers

Function of the ground substance

Enable connective tissue to exchange nutrients/waste with the bloodstream. Acts as a shock absorber & prevents infection from microorganisms

3 types of extracellular fibers which provide structure & support

Collagenous, reticular, elastic

Examples of fixed cells in connective tissue

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, reticular cells

Examples of wandering cells in connective tissue

Leukocytes, mast cells, macrophages

Function of fibroblasts

Build connective tissue matrix

Function of adipose cells

Form adipose tissue

Function of reticular cells, which are star shaped

Involved in immune response

Function of leukocytes

Involved in the tissue during times of infection & inflammation

What is diapedesis?

Process of leukocytes slipping through blood vessel walls out into the tissue

Function of mast cells

Initiate the inflammatory response

Function of histamine & heparin, granules located in mast cells

Histamine: increases blood flow to area, Heparin: prevents blood from clotting.

Function of macrophages

Scavengers (engulf/digest microbes, dead cells, & debris)

Areolar is a loose type of connective tissue. What is the function?

Surrounds every organ, blood vessel, & lymph node- provides cushion

Type of tissue that forms the subcutaneous layer- connects skin to underlying muscle

Areolar connective tissue

Adipose tissue is found throughout the body. What is its function?

Mechanical shock absorber, thermal insulator

Where is adipose tissue found?

Under skin, behind eyeballs, around heart, spaces between muscles

Dense irregular connective tissue is composed of tightly packed parallel fibers, making it what

Resistant to stress along its length in one direction

Examples of dense irregular connective tissue

Tendons, ligaments, fascia

Cartilage is a tough tissue. What makes it unique?

Avascular & non-innervated

Name of the membrane surrounding cartilage that provides a nerve supply

Perichondrium

Hyaline is the most rigid cartilage, and is therefore located where

Articular (joint) surfaces, as well as the nose, tracheal rings, & growth plates

Elastic cartilage is able to bend, so it is located where

Ear pinnae, epiglottis of larynx

Fibrocartilage is designed to take compression, therefore it is located where

Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

Blood is a liquid connective tissue that functions to do what

Deliver needed substances like nutrients, gases, hormones

Erythrocytes are

RBCs

Leukoctyes are

WBCs

Thrombocytes are

Platelets

The most rigid connective tissue is bone, can bones feel pain?

Yes, innervated (as well as vascular)

Bone marrow occupies the interior of bones and contains

Hematopoitetic (blood forming) tissue

Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

Striated, multi-nucleated, voluntary

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

Striated, one nucleus, involuntary, branching network of cells

Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue

Not striated, one nucleus, involuntary, spindle shaped cells

Neurons are high maintenance cells, why?

High requirement for oxygen, cannot reproduce, need support cells

What are neuroglia/ glial cells?

Support cells for neurons

Function of glial cells

Protect neurons, give structural support

Central cell body of a neuron called

Soma

Cell process of a neuron which receives stimuli/impulses

Dendrite

Cell process of a neuron which conducts impulses away from the neuron

Axon