Unit 3 & 4 Flashcards by Emily Klatzer

Medical terminology for hair

pilus, tricho

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Hypo means

below

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Ruminants include what animals

Cattle, sheep, goats

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Integumentary system includes skin & what else

Hair, feathers, skin-related glands, hooves & nails

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Five main functions of the integumentary system

1) Protection, prevents dessiccation, 2) sensation; tactile, thermal, pain, 3) temp regulation, 4) synthesis of vitamin D, 5) secretion & excretion

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3 layers of skin from superficial to deep

Epidermis, (basement membrane), dermis, hypodermis

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What type of tissue is each of the 3 layers of skin

E- stratified squamous epithelial, D- dense irregular connective, H- adipose & areolar connective

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5 distinct layers of the avascular epidermis from deep to superficial

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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Special features of stratum basale

“basal layer”, site of cell division

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Special features of stratum spinosum

“spiny layer”, several layers of cells

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Special feature of stratum granulosum

“granular middle layer”, keratinization begins, cells die

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Special feature of stratum lucidum

“clear layer”, found only in thick skin, composed of a few rows of flattened dead cells

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Special features of stratum corneum

“outermost layer”, thickest, dead cells that flake off at surface

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The dermis is highly fibrous, strong, and what

Flexible

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Dermis contains what

Blood vessels, skin glands, hair follicles, nerve endings, lymph vessels

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Mange is inflammation of the dermis/epidermis that is caused by what

Mites that invade the skin

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Mange causes what and is diagnosed how

Pruritis (itching), skin scraping

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Another name for the hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer

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Hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin which acts as what

Insulator & shock absorber, allows skin to move freely over underlying muscle & bone

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Layer of dermis with loose connective tissue, has pain/touch/temp receptors, blood vessels and nerves

Papillary dermis (more superficial dermis layer)

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Layer of dermis with dense irregular connective tissue, 80% of dermis, contains collagen/elastic/reticular fibers

Reticular dermis (more deep dermis layer)

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Function of dermal papillae

Cement dermis & epidermis together

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More of what causes the skin to be more pigmented

Melanin, from melanocytes in the epidermis

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Paw pads are thick layers of fat/connective tissue with what

Sweat glands & pressure receptors

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The planum nasale is the top of the nose in what animals

Cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs

The planum nasolabiale is the top of the nose in what animals

Cows, horses

These are found near the medial aspect of the front & hind legs, at level of knee or hock joint

Chestnut on a horse

These are found near the fetlock

Ergot on a horse

Ergots and chestnuts are vestiges of carpal pads and what digits

2nd & 4th

Hair plays an important role in

Thermoregulation, camouflauge

Thin surface layer of hair, single layer of hard keratinized cells

Cuticle

Middle layer of hair, thickest & most rigid

Cortex

Central core of hair, flexible & soft

Medulla

Part of hair that is visible above the surface of the skin

Shaft

Portion of hair that is below the skin surface

Root

Enlarged end of hair root

Bulb

Invagination of epidermis that anchors hair

Follicle

Arrector pili muscle is what type of muscle

Smooth

The purpose of the arrector pili is what

Heat retention, flight-or-flight response

Straight or arched hair, thicker & longer than the other main type of hair

Primary/guard hair

Softer & shorter than the other main type of hair, wavy or bristled in a dog, predominate hair type for animals with wool coats

Secondary/wool-type hairs

Hair that contain sensory endings, found throughout hair coat & on muzzle

Tactile/sinus hairs

Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands which empty into what

Hair follicle

What do sebaceous glands secrete

Sebum

Functions of sebum

Prevents entry of bacteria into skin, helps waterproof skin, keeps hairs soft & pliable

Sheep sebaceous glands produce what which is used in ointments, skin protectants, lip balms

Lanolin

Cutaneous pouches on sheep are found where

Infraorbital, interdigital, inguinal

Cuataneous pouches of sheep contain what

Fine hairs, sebaceous/oil glands

The fatty yellow substance from the cutaneous pouches of sheep does what

Covers & sticks to skin when dry, marks territory

Sweat glands are also called

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands cover the entire body of what animals

Cattle, horses, sheep, dogs (especially the horse, sweats readily over entire body)

Pigs rarely sweat because why

Few functional sweat glands

Eccrine sweat glands empty

Onto skin surface

Apocrine sweat glands empty

Into heair follicle

Tail glands of cats & dogs contain what

Coarse, oily hairs, large apocrine & sebaceous glands

Tail glands are activated by what

Sex hormones

Secrete foul, fishy smelling material at defecation, or used to mark territory

Anal sacs

Anal sacs are located in what postions

5 & 7 o'clock

Hard outer coverings of distal digits

Claws

Feline declaw consists of what controversy

Amputation of entire 3rd phalanx bone & attached claw

Dewclaws of dogs counted as what digit

1st

Dewclaws of cattle, pigs, sheep counted as what digit

2nd & 5th

Found in ruminating, ungulate species (sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, antelope)

Horns, originate from epidermis

Do polled breeds have horns

Word for hoof

Ungula

A hoof is really what

Horny outer covering of distal end of digit

Ruminants have how many hooves per foot, each covering a digit

Ruminants bear weight on how many of their hooves

2 (digits 3 & 4)

The equine hoof has one hoof per foot & walk on how many digits

1 (digit 3)

Outer layers of hoof have no sensation, therefore is made up of what tissue

Modified epithelial tissue

Hoof grows continually downward from what

Coronary band

Visible part of hoof when hoof is on ground

Hoof wall

Front of hoof wall

Toe

Covers lateral aspect of hoof wall

Quarters

Part of hoof wall that wraps around back of foot

Heel

Plantar or palmar concave surface of hoof

Sole

The outer layers of the sole are

Avascular & non-innervate

What is the corium

Highly vascular & innervated tissue attached to the periosteum of the distal phalanx/coffin bone (P3)

Junction of sole & hoof wall called

White line

Triangular surface on palmar & plantar surface called the

Frog

The frog is

Insensitve, non-innervated, & provides protection to underlying structures

Central depression dividing frog called

Central sulcus

Valley between frog & sole

Commisure of frog

Corium is modified what

Dermis

Another name for P3

Coffin bone

Interdigitations between hoof & corium, attachment site between hoof & corium

Laminae

Laminitis is what

Inflammation of laminae, commonly called founder

Swelling from inflammation causes separation of what

Coffin bone from hoof wall

Coffin bone rotates downward during laminitis due to what

Weight of the horse

Pertaining to a joint

Arthro, articular

Function of bones

Support, protection, leverage, storage, blood cell formation

Shafts & outside layer of all bones, dense, hard

Compact bone

Light, appears spongy, made of spicules, marrow between spicules

Cancellous bone

Cylinders of ossified bone matrix around what

Haversian canal

Haversian canals run what, volkmans run what

Lengthwise, perpendicular

Chambers within Haversian systems where osteocytes live

Lacunae

Tiny channels through bone allowing blood vessels to pass into deeper bone tissue

Canaliculi, also for communication

Canals from outside of bone towards center, join with Haversian canals

Volkmanns

What covers bone joints, what covers remainder of bone

Articular cartilage, periosteum (vascular)

Inside covering of bone

Endosteum (vascular)

Intramembranous bone formation involves

Skull bones, fibrous tissue

Endochondral bone formation, bone grows and replaces what

Cartilage model

Diaphysis vs epiphysis

Shaft, ends

Center space with bone marrow

Medullary cavity

Only cartilage left in long bones when an animal is born

Epiphyseal plates

Red bone marrow is

Hematopoietic tissue

Yellow bone marrow is

Adipose tissue

Skull has how many bones

37-38

Regions of vertebrae

Cervical-7, Thoracic-13, Lumbar- 7, Sacral-fused, Coccygeal-varies

Bone of axial skeleton

Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Atlas

Axis

Two portions of ribs

Dorsal (bone), ventral (costal cartilage)

First & last sternebrae

Manubrium, xiphoid

Upper wing pelvis

Ilium

Lower wing pelivs

Ischium

Middle bar pelvis

Pubis

Bone in penis in dog, walrus, raccoons

Os penis

Bone in heart of cattle, sheep

Os cordis

Bone in snout of swine

Os rostri

Sesamoid bones are what

Floating

Sutures are what kind of immovable joint

Fibrous joint (skull)

Slightly moveable joints, "rocking" motion

Cartilaginous joint (intervertebral discs between vertebra)

Types of synovial joints

Hinge, gliding, pivot, ball & socket

Rotation vs circumduction

R- twisting movement of a part on its own axis, C- movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle

Move in one plane, flexion/extension

Hinge joint (elbow)

Slight rocking movement, flexion/extension

Gliding joint (carpal joints)

Rotary movement, only one in animal body

Pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint)

Allow all movements

Ball & socket joint (hip joint)