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Vets 135 > Unit 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Medical terminology for hair

A

pilus, tricho

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2
Q

Hypo means

A

below

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3
Q

Ruminants include what animals

A

Cattle, sheep, goats

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4
Q

Integumentary system includes skin & what else

A

Hair, feathers, skin-related glands, hooves & nails

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5
Q

Five main functions of the integumentary system

A

1) Protection, prevents dessiccation, 2) sensation; tactile, thermal, pain, 3) temp regulation, 4) synthesis of vitamin D, 5) secretion & excretion

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6
Q

3 layers of skin from superficial to deep

A

Epidermis, (basement membrane), dermis, hypodermis

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7
Q

What type of tissue is each of the 3 layers of skin

A

E- stratified squamous epithelial, D- dense irregular connective, H- adipose & areolar connective

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8
Q

5 distinct layers of the avascular epidermis from deep to superficial

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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9
Q

Special features of stratum basale

A

“basal layer”, site of cell division

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10
Q

Special features of stratum spinosum

A

“spiny layer”, several layers of cells

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11
Q

Special feature of stratum granulosum

A

“granular middle layer”, keratinization begins, cells die

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12
Q

Special feature of stratum lucidum

A

“clear layer”, found only in thick skin, composed of a few rows of flattened dead cells

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13
Q

Special features of stratum corneum

A

“outermost layer”, thickest, dead cells that flake off at surface

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14
Q

The dermis is highly fibrous, strong, and what

A

Flexible

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15
Q

Dermis contains what

A

Blood vessels, skin glands, hair follicles, nerve endings, lymph vessels

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16
Q

Mange is inflammation of the dermis/epidermis that is caused by what

A

Mites that invade the skin

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17
Q

Mange causes what and is diagnosed how

A

Pruritis (itching), skin scraping

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18
Q

Another name for the hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer

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19
Q

Hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin which acts as what

A

Insulator & shock absorber, allows skin to move freely over underlying muscle & bone

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20
Q

Layer of dermis with loose connective tissue, has pain/touch/temp receptors, blood vessels and nerves

A

Papillary dermis (more superficial dermis layer)

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21
Q

Layer of dermis with dense irregular connective tissue, 80% of dermis, contains collagen/elastic/reticular fibers

A

Reticular dermis (more deep dermis layer)

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22
Q

Function of dermal papillae

A

Cement dermis & epidermis together

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23
Q

More of what causes the skin to be more pigmented

A

Melanin, from melanocytes in the epidermis

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24
Q

Paw pads are thick layers of fat/connective tissue with what

A

Sweat glands & pressure receptors

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25
Q

The planum nasale is the top of the nose in what animals

A

Cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs

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26
Q

The planum nasolabiale is the top of the nose in what animals

A

Cows, horses

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27
Q

These are found near the medial aspect of the front & hind legs, at level of knee or hock joint

A

Chestnut on a horse

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28
Q

These are found near the fetlock

A

Ergot on a horse

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29
Q

Ergots and chestnuts are vestiges of carpal pads and what digits

A

2nd & 4th

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30
Q

Hair plays an important role in

A

Thermoregulation, camouflauge

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31
Q

Thin surface layer of hair, single layer of hard keratinized cells

A

Cuticle

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32
Q

Middle layer of hair, thickest & most rigid

A

Cortex

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33
Q

Central core of hair, flexible & soft

A

Medulla

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34
Q

Part of hair that is visible above the surface of the skin

A

Shaft

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35
Q

Portion of hair that is below the skin surface

A

Root

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36
Q

Enlarged end of hair root

A

Bulb

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37
Q

Invagination of epidermis that anchors hair

A

Follicle

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38
Q

Arrector pili muscle is what type of muscle

A

Smooth

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39
Q

The purpose of the arrector pili is what

A

Heat retention, flight-or-flight response

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40
Q

Straight or arched hair, thicker & longer than the other main type of hair

A

Primary/guard hair

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41
Q

Softer & shorter than the other main type of hair, wavy or bristled in a dog, predominate hair type for animals with wool coats

A

Secondary/wool-type hairs

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42
Q

Hair that contain sensory endings, found throughout hair coat & on muzzle

A

Tactile/sinus hairs

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43
Q

Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands which empty into what

A

Hair follicle

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44
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete

A

Sebum

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45
Q

Functions of sebum

A

Prevents entry of bacteria into skin, helps waterproof skin, keeps hairs soft & pliable

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46
Q

Sheep sebaceous glands produce what which is used in ointments, skin protectants, lip balms

A

Lanolin

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47
Q

Cutaneous pouches on sheep are found where

A

Infraorbital, interdigital, inguinal

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48
Q

Cuataneous pouches of sheep contain what

A

Fine hairs, sebaceous/oil glands

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49
Q

The fatty yellow substance from the cutaneous pouches of sheep does what

A

Covers & sticks to skin when dry, marks territory

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50
Q

Sweat glands are also called

A

Sudoriferous glands

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51
Q

Sweat glands cover the entire body of what animals

A

Cattle, horses, sheep, dogs (especially the horse, sweats readily over entire body)

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52
Q

Pigs rarely sweat because why

A

Few functional sweat glands

53
Q

Eccrine sweat glands empty

A

Onto skin surface

54
Q

Apocrine sweat glands empty

A

Into heair follicle

55
Q

Tail glands of cats & dogs contain what

A

Coarse, oily hairs, large apocrine & sebaceous glands

56
Q

Tail glands are activated by what

A

Sex hormones

57
Q

Secrete foul, fishy smelling material at defecation, or used to mark territory

A

Anal sacs

58
Q

Anal sacs are located in what postions

A

5 & 7 o’clock

59
Q

Hard outer coverings of distal digits

A

Claws

60
Q

Feline declaw consists of what controversy

A

Amputation of entire 3rd phalanx bone & attached claw

61
Q

Dewclaws of dogs counted as what digit

A

1st

62
Q

Dewclaws of cattle, pigs, sheep counted as what digit

A

2nd & 5th

63
Q

Found in ruminating, ungulate species (sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, antelope)

A

Horns, originate from epidermis

64
Q

Do polled breeds have horns

A

No

65
Q

Word for hoof

A

Ungula

66
Q

A hoof is really what

A

Horny outer covering of distal end of digit

67
Q

Ruminants have how many hooves per foot, each covering a digit

A

4

68
Q

Ruminants bear weight on how many of their hooves

A

2 (digits 3 & 4)

69
Q

The equine hoof has one hoof per foot & walk on how many digits

A

1 (digit 3)

70
Q

Outer layers of hoof have no sensation, therefore is made up of what tissue

A

Modified epithelial tissue

71
Q

Hoof grows continually downward from what

A

Coronary band

72
Q

Visible part of hoof when hoof is on ground

A

Hoof wall

73
Q

Front of hoof wall

A

Toe

74
Q

Covers lateral aspect of hoof wall

A

Quarters

75
Q

Part of hoof wall that wraps around back of foot

A

Heel

76
Q

Plantar or palmar concave surface of hoof

A

Sole

77
Q

The outer layers of the sole are

A

Avascular & non-innervate

78
Q

What is the corium

A

Highly vascular & innervated tissue attached to the periosteum of the distal phalanx/coffin bone (P3)

79
Q

Junction of sole & hoof wall called

A

White line

80
Q

Triangular surface on palmar & plantar surface called the

A

Frog

81
Q

The frog is

A

Insensitve, non-innervated, & provides protection to underlying structures

82
Q

Central depression dividing frog called

A

Central sulcus

83
Q

Valley between frog & sole

A

Commisure of frog

84
Q

Corium is modified what

A

Dermis

85
Q

Another name for P3

A

Coffin bone

86
Q

Interdigitations between hoof & corium, attachment site between hoof & corium

A

Laminae

87
Q

Laminitis is what

A

Inflammation of laminae, commonly called founder

88
Q

Swelling from inflammation causes separation of what

A

Coffin bone from hoof wall

89
Q

Coffin bone rotates downward during laminitis due to what

A

Weight of the horse

90
Q

Pertaining to a joint

A

Arthro, articular

91
Q

Function of bones

A

Support, protection, leverage, storage, blood cell formation

92
Q

Shafts & outside layer of all bones, dense, hard

A

Compact bone

93
Q

Light, appears spongy, made of spicules, marrow between spicules

A

Cancellous bone

94
Q

Cylinders of ossified bone matrix around what

A

Haversian canal

95
Q

Haversian canals run what, volkmans run what

A

Lengthwise, perpendicular

96
Q

Chambers within Haversian systems where osteocytes live

A

Lacunae

97
Q

Tiny channels through bone allowing blood vessels to pass into deeper bone tissue

A

Canaliculi, also for communication

98
Q

Canals from outside of bone towards center, join with Haversian canals

A

Volkmanns

99
Q

What covers bone joints, what covers remainder of bone

A

Articular cartilage, periosteum (vascular)

100
Q

Inside covering of bone

A

Endosteum (vascular)

101
Q

Intramembranous bone formation involves

A

Skull bones, fibrous tissue

102
Q

Endochondral bone formation, bone grows and replaces what

A

Cartilage model

103
Q

Diaphysis vs epiphysis

A

Shaft, ends

104
Q

Center space with bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

105
Q

Only cartilage left in long bones when an animal is born

A

Epiphyseal plates

106
Q

Red bone marrow is

A

Hematopoietic tissue

107
Q

Yellow bone marrow is

A

Adipose tissue

108
Q

Skull has how many bones

A

37-38

109
Q

Regions of vertebrae

A

Cervical-7, Thoracic-13, Lumbar- 7, Sacral-fused, Coccygeal-varies

110
Q

Bone of axial skeleton

A

Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

111
Q

C1

A

Atlas

112
Q

C2

A

Axis

113
Q

Two portions of ribs

A

Dorsal (bone), ventral (costal cartilage)

114
Q

First & last sternebrae

A

Manubrium, xiphoid

115
Q

Upper wing pelvis

A

Ilium

116
Q

Lower wing pelivs

A

Ischium

117
Q

Middle bar pelvis

A

Pubis

118
Q

Bone in penis in dog, walrus, raccoons

A

Os penis

119
Q

Bone in heart of cattle, sheep

A

Os cordis

120
Q

Bone in snout of swine

A

Os rostri

121
Q

Sesamoid bones are what

A

Floating

122
Q

Sutures are what kind of immovable joint

A

Fibrous joint (skull)

123
Q

Slightly moveable joints, “rocking” motion

A

Cartilaginous joint (intervertebral discs between vertebra)

124
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Hinge, gliding, pivot, ball & socket

125
Q

Rotation vs circumduction

A

R- twisting movement of a part on its own axis, C- movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle

126
Q

Move in one plane, flexion/extension

A

Hinge joint (elbow)

127
Q

Slight rocking movement, flexion/extension

A

Gliding joint (carpal joints)

128
Q

Rotary movement, only one in animal body

A

Pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint)

129
Q

Allow all movements

A

Ball & socket joint (hip joint)

Vets 135 (7 decks)

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