Unit 8 Flashcards
What are the two types of behaviors?
innate and learned
What are the two types of cues?
external and internal
What is key point about innate and learned behaviors?
all behaviors are generally a combination of both
kinesis
indirect cue
taxi
behavior toward/away from the kinesis
phototaxi
an organism that moves towards light
chemotaxi
the directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus, such as a growth factor
geotaxis
the motion of a mobile organism or cell in response to the force of gravity.
Fixed Action Patterns
series of behaviors that MUST go to completion
What is habituation?
Species learn to ignore irrelevant stimulus
Define imprinting in animals.
learning that occurs during a brief period in young animals
What occurs in classical conditioning?
A new stimulus is associated with a pre-existing response
This concept was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov with dogs.
What is operant conditioning?
An animal learns to perform a behavior more or less frequently through a reward or punishment system
B.F. Skinner is known for his work in this area.
Fill in the blank: Some animals, especially ________, are capable of more complex forms of learning.
primates
If the environment changes, so does the…
behavior of the organisms
Larger animals have…
slower metabolic rate per unit of mass
Endotherms
organisms that generate their own heat through metabolism
Ectotherms
organisms that lack an internal mechanism to control body temp
When can animals learn behaviors?
during the critical period - usually very young
pheromes
chemical signals used for communication
Agonistic behavior
agression due to competition for the same resource
Dominance Hierarchies
the leader is chosen and the tension is reduced.
territorality
being territorial
(happens generally due to nesting)
altruistic behavior
the unselfish behavior that benefits the organism as a whole even if it puts that specific animal in danger
symbiotic relationship
is a long-term biological interaction between two or more organisms of different species
Mutualism
relationship where both organisms win
commensalism
one organism lives off the other, and the other is not harmed
parasitism
organism harms the host
photoperiodism
the response to changes in daylight and darkness - plant
tropism
response to a stimulus - plants
phototropism
response to sunlight - plants
gravitorpism
response to gravity - plants
thigmotropism
response to touch - plants
Gibberellins
hormone that promotes stem elongation, especially in dwarf plants
Cytokinins
hormone that promotes cell division and differentiation
Ethylene
hormone that induces leaf abscission and promotes bud and seed
dormancy
Auxins
hormone that promotes plant growth and phototropism
ecology
the study of the interactions between living things
biosphere
the entire part of Earth where plants live
smaller parts are called biomes
Ecosystem
The interaction of living and nonliving things
Community
A group of populations interacting in the same area
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and that are interbreeding
What are the two parts of the Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic
biotic factors
living factors in an ecosystem
abiotic factors
nonliving factors in an ecosystem
carbon cycle
the way that carbon cycles through an ecosystem
Community
(smaller than ecosystem)
animals and plants showing interdependence
niche
specific role for an organism
same niche means…
competition
having an unoccupied niche means…
thriving
food chain
description of how organisms are codependent on each other for food
producers
autotraphs
primary productivy
the rate at which light is turned into energy
biomass
the mass that a certain organism covers
consumers
heterotrophs
primary consumers
directly feed on producers - herbivores
secondary consumers
eat primary consumers
tertiary consumers
eat down the food chain
decomposers
organisms that break down organic matter into simple compounds
keystone species
important species which are essential for ecosystem balance
10% rule…
energy transferred from one organism to another when it is eaten is about 10%
toxins affect the…
top of the food chain the most due to higher concentration
bioaccumalation
toxic chemical building up over time
biomagnification
toxins becoming more concentrated
Simpson’s Diversity Index measures what?
the balance of ecosystem
range = 0-1
0 = barely any diversity
1 = alot of diversity
Simpson’s Diversity Index
1 - (all species)(n/N)^2
n = total number of organisms in species
N = total number of species
What are the four factors for population ecology?
- size
- density
- distribution
- age
Population growth equation
(births - deaths) / (population size)
carrying capcity
maximum number of indivudals of a species that a habitat can support
population density
(number of members)/(unit of area)
Density-independent factors
storms, extreme climates, etc.
Density-dependent factors
resource competition, predation
Exponential growth definition
r selected
growth in an IDEAL environment
(J-shaped curve)
Exponential growth equation
(Change in Population Size)/(Change in Time) = (Maximum Growth Rate) x (Population State)
Logistic growth definition
growth in restricted, non-ideal enviorment
Logistic growth equation
(change in population size)/(change in Time)
(max growth rate) x (Population size) x
{(Carrying capacity - population size)/ carrying capacity}
r-strategists
organisms who thrive in an uninhabited area
k-strategists
organisms that thrive in stable eco-systems
ecological succession
prediction of a process in a short time in plant communities
primary succession
ecological succession which has organisms to start with
pioneer organisms
organisms that start the ecosystem
sere
the entire sequence of getting an organism to a stable point
climax community
the first most stable ecosystem
acid rain
cause: fossil fuel burning
effect: acid rain falls, causing damages water systems, plants, and soils
secondary succession
if a ecosystem is destroyed and regains its stable structure, it is now a secondary sucession
greenhouse effect
cause: increased CO2 concentration
effect: change in percipitation
ozone depletoin
cause: pollution
effect: loss of ozone can lead to cancer and increased ultraviolet radiation
desertification
overgrazing causes deserts
deforestation
forests are cleared, causing deforestation
Pollution
cause: toxic chemicals
effect: damage to plants and animals
Reduction in biodiversity
habitats being destroyed resulted in animals being extinct
Introduction and Spread of Disease
Humans bring disease that can devastate ecosystems and leave them changed for good.
invasive species
a non-native organism that can cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health
clade
the characteristic that sets the organisms apart
physiological response
measurable responses in body
electric signals
communication by signals
tactile signals
communication by touch
visual signals
communication by visible signs
aposematism
signs to scare off predators
cooperative behaviors
behaviors that increase fitness of individuals and populations
