Unit 3 Flashcards
Enzymes
Catalysis Reactions - or makes them faster
Key Points of Enzymes (4)
- They do not get consumed in the reaction
- They operate at a certain Temp and pH
- They lower the ‘Activation Energy’ or ‘hump’
- Enzymes bind to specific substrates
Substrate
The thing that the Enzyme binds to
Active Site
The site which the substrate and enzyme binds to
Inducted Fit
The enzyme changes SLIGHTLY to fit the substrate. Emphasis on slightly
Competitive Inhibition
This competes with the enzyme and binds FIRST to the active site, making the enzyme unable to bind
Non-competitive inhibition
It bind to a different site (allosteric) of a substrate, which triggers the closure of the active site, which prohibits the enzyme to bind
Regulatory Molecules of an enzyme(2)
Inhibitive - prevents enzyme
Activator - activates enzyme
Metabolism
the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
What are the two parts of Metabolism?
- Catabolism - breaks down (exothermic)
- Anabolism - builds up (endothermic)
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Helps the enzyme catalyze the reactions
What is the Enzyme that catalysis the production of ATP?
Kinase
autotrophs
produces its own food through photosynthesis
heterotrophs
eats other’s goods
eats glucose and breaks it down through cellular respiration
allosteric sites
the other site that non-competitive inhibition allosteric inhibitor binds to
What are the two parts of Photosynthesis?
- Light Reaction
- Light Independent/Calvin/ Dark reactions
What does light reaction do?
uses an electron transport chain to excite the electron.
ultimately produces
ATP
NADPH
O2
where does the light reaction take place?
thylakoid membranes
What does the light independent reaction do?
Fixes the carbon from floating CO2 to make sugar - glucose, which takes energy
where does the light independent reaction occur?
The stroma of the chloroplasts
Photolysis
the taking of electrons from H2O, making O2
chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids are all what
light absorbing pigments in photoelectron systems in photosynthesis
What is the absorption and emission spectrum of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids?
- absorb red and blue
- emits green
reaction center in a photosystem?
where the electron is “excited” to conduct photlysis
what are all the other pigments in the photosystem that aren’t the reaction center called?
antenna pigments
absorption spectrum
the waves/colors that are absorbed
emission spectrum
the opposite of absorption
the waves/colors that are emitted
What type of energy does the photosystem II make?
ATP
What type of energy does photosystem I make?
NADPH
Cyclic photophsphorlyation
Only happens at the first photosystem, produces the ATP, and the electron returns home.
How does the Calvin cycle make ATP and NADPH into sugar?
uses energy and fixes CO2 into glucose
Cellular Respiration
The breaking down of glucose in order to harvest energy
electron transport chain
the NADH and the FADH2 loses their electrons
chemiosmosis
the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain diffuses through ATP synthase, creating ATP (ADP + P= ATP)
What are the four steps of Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Kreb’s Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
THEREFORE it can happen in all organisms and the enzymes are highly conserved
Where does Oxidation of Pyruvates happen?
Mitochondria
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle happen?
The matrix of mitochondria
Where does the Oxidative phosphorylation happen?
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What does the Glycolysis do?
It breaks down a glucose molecule into two pyruvates and makes energy
What is the input and output of Glycolysis?
Input
Glucose - 6C
2NAD+
2ATP
Output
2 Pyruvate - 3C
2NADH
4ATP
What is the oxidation of pyruvate do?
modification of pyruvate in order to enter mitochondria
What is the input and output for oxidation of pyruvate?
Input
pyruvate - 3C
NAD+
Output - PER PYRUVATE
Acetyl Group - 2C
CO2
NADH
What is the input and output for Kreb’s Cycle
Input
Acetyl - 2C
3NAD+
FAD+
ADP + P
Output - PER ACETYL
2CO2
3NADH
FADH2
ATP
What is the total ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 that is produced in the first three steps of cellular respiration?
ATP - 4
NADH - 10
FADH2 - 2
CO2 - 6
What is one NADPH equal to?
3 ATP
therefore, 30 ATP is made from NADPH in cellular respiratoin
What is one FADH2 equal to?
2 ATP
therefore, 4 ATP is made from FADH2 in cellular respiration
What is Oxidative phosphorylation include and do?
ATP harvest
Electron Transport Chain
Chemiosmosis
What is O2 used for in cellular respiration?
it is the final electron receptor
Ferementation
No O2 = no final e- acceptor
Therefore in order to free NAD+ and continue cellular respiration, we perform
1. alcoholic fermentation
2. lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate + NADH = ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation
pyruvate + NADH = lactic acid + NAD+
Do enzymes change endothermic to exothermic?
no
coupled reactions
endothermic is coupled with exothermic reaction
