Unit 2 Flashcards
Cell
The smallest unit of life
Eukaryotic Cell
A cell which has membrane bound organells
Prokaryotic Cell
A simple cell which consists of bacteria and archaea - has small ribosomes and DNA (plasmid)
Chromatin
The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes which convert mRNA to Proteins
Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum
- synthesizes of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids hormones
- Detoxification of medication and position-safely removing a medication from a person’s system
- Calcium ion storage
Golgi Apparatus
Receives the protein through the cis side, modifies the protein (from RER) and lipids, and it leaves trans side
vesicle
the budding off from membrane bound organelle to another organelle
vacuole
Plant- storage and structure
Animal - multiple
Lysosomes
animals - recycled and tears apart units in its acidic (low pH) enviorment with its enzymes
peroxosimes
(NOT part of endomembrane system)
specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions- like the burning of carbon- using molecular oxygen.
Breaks down toxic substances
By product - H2O2
Components of Endomembrane System
RER
SER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Has its own DNA
Produces ATP
the cycle is called Krebs’s Cycle
Integral Protein
Protein that penetrates the entire membrane
Preiferal Protein
A protein that is only stuck on the side of the membrane - used for communication
Types of Integral Protein
- Channel Protein
- Carrier Protein
Glycoprotein
(Sugar+Protein)
Sugar on the protein on the membrane which is used for cell recognition
Semi-permeability of Cell membrane
of PASSIVE DIFFUSION
Small + non polar = fast
small + polar = slow
Large +non polar = slow
Large + Polar = NO
cholesterol in the membrane
keeps the membrane from being too rigid or too fluid
What is Fluidity based on?
- Temperature
- Cholesteral
- Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Passive Transportation
Toward concentration gradient; No energy required like simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Active Transportation
Against concentration gradient; ATP needed
Endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole or vesicle
What are the three types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis - particles
Pinocytosis - liquids
Receptor Mediated - receptor targets specific particles to be engulfed
Exocytosis
Opposite of Endocytosis
Secondary Active Transport
a process that moves molecules across a biological membrane using electrochemical energy
Sodium Pump
an enzyme in the cell membrane of all animal cells that moves sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane
Osmosis
passive diffusion of water
aquaporins
water specific protein channels
Dialysis
diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane
Light Microscopes
Used to study stained or living cells
Centrioles
Helps organize microtubules and microfilaments
What are the parts of Cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, Microfilaments, and intermediate filaments help with keeping up the structure of the cytoskeleton
Tonicity
a measure of how a solution’s concentration of dissolved solutes affects the volume of a cell suspended in it
isotonic
same pressure outside and inside, no net inflow
hypertonic
solution has more solutes, water wants to leave the cell INTO the solution
hypotonic
solution has less solutes, water wants to come INTO the solution from the cell
Water Potential Definition and Equation
(Water Potential) = (Water Pressure)+(Water Solute Pressure)
The measurement of eagerness of water to flow from an area of high water potential to lower potential
(Higher Water Potential = Higher tendency for water to move out)
How does adding a solute affect Osmosis and Water Potential?
It lowers the solution’s water potential as water will want to move into that area because the solute concentration will be greater
nucleoid
an area where DNA is found in a Prokaryotic cell
amphipathic
partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic
examples: phospholipid bilayer + peripheral proteins
nucleolus
the place where rRNA is made and ribosomes are synthesized
what are the three modes of transportation into a cell?
- simple diffusion
- facilitated transportation
- active transport
bulk flow
one way movement of fluids due to pressure
clathrin
a protein that helps form coated vesicles to transport molecules within cells
cell sap
the watery liquid found inside the central vacuole of a plant cell
chitin
a tough, naturally occurring polysaccharide that forms the primary component of the exoskeletons
tubulin
One of a group of proteins found in high levels in the cell cytoplasm
Microtubule Organizing Centers
organizes microtubules, which are hollow, tube-like structures that help cells maintain their shape and move organelles
Cell surface markers
a molecule that is located on the plasma membrane that is used for cell recognition
What can’t go through the plasma membrane through transport?
Macromolecules because they. are. too. big.
turgor
Cell wall is expanded due to low water potential and water moves IN.
plasymoylsis
Cell wall is shrunk due to higher water potential and therefore water moves OUT.
flaccid
When a solution is isotonic and the cell wall is not changed.
turgor pressure
pressure created due to fluids pressing against the cell membrane/cell wall.
ribosomes in prokaryotes are ________than eucaryotic ribosomes
smaller
Functions of Lysosomes… (4)
digest large macromolecules
break down worn out cell parts
help apoptosis
destroy bacteria or viruses
centrosome
animal cells and help microtubules assemble
Binary Fission
mitosis in prokaryotes
Water potential equation
-iCRT = -(ionization constant)(Concentration)(Pressure constant)(Temperature)
what is R in water potential equation
0.0831 (L bar) / (mol K)
contractile vacuole role
helps regulate osmotic pressure by collecting or expelling water
