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Ap psychology key terms > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology student syndrome

A

Psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorde

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2
Q

abnormal psychology

A

The scientific study of abnormal behavior undertaken to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

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3
Q

clinical psychologists

A

The applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice

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4
Q

psychopathology

A

Scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences

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5
Q

etiology

A

study and investigation into the root causes of a psychological disorder

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5
Q

Deviant

A

Abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society’s ideas about proper functioning

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6
Q

Distress

A

The person reports feeling pain and discomfort associated with his or her emotions, thoughts, or behaviors

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7
Q

dysfunctional

A

Interfering with the ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way

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8
Q

Danger

A

Abnormal behavior becomes dangerous to oneself or others

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9
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

Manual that lists 541 diagnoses, most widely used classification system
published by American Psychiatric Association in 2013, Continues to change & evolve

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10
Q

insanity

A

Legal term pertaining to a defendant’s ability to determine right from wrong when a crime is committed

Concept discussed in court to help distinguish guilt from innocence
(cuando mandan al psiquiattrico en lugar de la carcel)

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11
Q

model

A

Set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations (synonym-paradigm)

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12
Q

medical/biological models

A

View abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by the malfunctions parts of the organism, believe that the most effective treatments are biological ones

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13
Q

psychodynamic model

A

Believe that a person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware

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14
Q

humanistic model

A

An approach suggests abnormal behaviors are brought upon the individual due to limiting factors in his/her life.

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15
Q

behavioral model

A

Believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life (response to environment)

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16
Q

cognitive model

A

Cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

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17
Q

eclectic approach

A

Broad-based approach, trusting a combination of established approaches to diagnose and treat individuals with psychological disorders

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18
Q

stigma

A

The societal disapproval and judgment of a person with mental illness because they do not fit their community’s social norms

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19
Q

effects of stigma

A

Refusal to receive treatment, stigma deters people from seeking help

Social isolation, fear of “bringing them down” or “being a burden.”

Distorted perception of the incidence of mental illness,

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20
Q

trephinic( ancient times)

A

Holes are drilled into a living person’s skull in order to release demonic spirits thought to be causing the person’s disordered behaviors

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21
Q

Hippocrates, Ancient Greek Physician 500 B.C.

A

Believed that abnormal behavior was a disease arising from internal physical problems (imbalance of four fluids, or humors)

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22
Q

Asylums

A

A type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders

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23
Q

phillipel pinel

A

In the late 1700s, French physician, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill, brought reform in the way mental institutions would be run

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24
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

School teacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States from 1841 to 1881

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25
Q

psychopharmalogic revolution

A

Effective drugs for conditions like schizophrenia and depression were found in the 1950s by accident
chlorpromazine

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26
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

When better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or the community from mental hospitals

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27
Q

Preventing Disorders & Promoting Mental Health

A

Rather than wait for psychological disorders to occur, many of today’s community programs try to deter mental disorders before they can develop

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28
Q

Action A: Assess for Risk of Suicide or Harm

A

A first aider should look out for any crises and assist in dealing with them

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29
Q

Action L: Listen Non Judgmentally

A

When listening it is important to set aside any judgments made about the person or their situation and avoid expressing those judgments

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30
Q

Action G: Give Reassurance and Information

A

Reassurances includes emotional support, empathizing with how they feel, voicing hope, and offering practical help

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31
Q

Action E: Encourage Appropriate Professional Help

A

A first aider might also be able to help a young person make and keep appointments or assist in accessing appropriate help

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32
Q

Action E: Encourage Self-Help and Other Support Strategies

A

Encourage the support of their social network of family, friends, and others.

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33
Q

anxiety disorders

A

Anxiety is the primary symptom or the primary cause of other symptoms for all anxiety disorders

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34
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything

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35
Q

Panic disorder

A

Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

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36
Q

specific phobia

A

Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object of situation, usually lasting at least 6 months

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37
Q

agoraphobia

A

Afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

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38
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both

The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time

Significant distress or impairment

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39
Q

obsession

A

persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that an individual cannot get out of his or her mind

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40
Q

compulsion

A

ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly

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41
Q

hoarding disorder

A

Characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items and distress parting with them

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42
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Result of some trauma experienced by the victim. Victims re-experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event

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43
Q

Bipolar disorder I

A

Occurrence of a manic episode
Hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode

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44
Q

bipolar disorder ll

A

Presence or history of major depressive episode(s)
Presence or history of hypomanic episode(s)
No history of a manic episode

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45
Q

rapid cycling

A

is usually short periods of mania followed almost immediately by deep pression, usually for longer duration

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46
Q

major depressive disorders

A

Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks

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47
Q

psychotherapy

A

Psychologist or other trained professional working with an individual or group to identify a problem and develop solutions. Usually that process involves a lot of talking and thinking

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48
Q

confidentiality and the law

A

Psychotherapists and psychiatrists are required by law to protect the confidentiality of their clients

Therapists can break confidentiality when people are a threat to themselves or others (also court orders)

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49
Q

behavior therapy

A

The techniques used in this type of treatment are based on the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning

it is action based

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50
Q

exposure treatments

A

a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger

51
Q

Flooding

A

Exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly

It is often used to treat phobias. During the process, the individual is prevented from escaping or avoiding the situation

52
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Developed by Joseph Wolpe, a client makes a list of fears and then learns to relax while concentrating on these fears

52
Q

aversion therapy

A

Pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced

53
Q

token economy

A

Behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items

54
Q

biofeedback

A

Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions

55
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapist

A

Human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes and thinking

56
Q

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A

Developed in 1950s by Albert Ellis, psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful

57
Q

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

A

Researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together

58
Q

personality disorder

A

Longstanding, maladaptive thought and behavior patterns that are troublesome to others, harmful, or illegal

59
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people’s motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm

60
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

61
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

62
Q

antisocial personality disorder(APD)

A

Characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights (closely linked to criminal behavior)

63
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

64
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking

65
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

Characterized by a proad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

66
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humanilitation

67
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

68
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

69
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Groups of disabilities in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect the individual’s behavior, memory, concentration and/or ability to learn

70
Q

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

Disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both

71
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

Disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities

72
Q

intellectual disability (ID)

A

Disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average

73
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

Group of disorders in which the primary problem is in cognitive function, impairments in cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving, and perception

74
Q

delirium

A

A rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention, and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner

75
Q

alzheimers disease

A

fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions

76
Q

eating and feeding disorders

A

Mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits. May involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual’s physical and mental health

77
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one’s weight/body shape, persistent restriction of caloric intake

78
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food, such as purging

79
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

Uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time; after a bingeing episode a person will not purge and will feel an extreme sense of guilt

80
Q

insight therapy

A

Designed to help clients understand the causes of their problems. This understanding or insight will then help clients gain greater control over their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

81
Q

psychoanalysis

A

The primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client’s psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension

82
Q

free association

A

The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorship)

83
Q

resistance

A

The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material)

84
Q

transference

A

The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist

85
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

Evolved from Freud’s original approach, based on the ideas that a person’s development is often determined by forgotten events in early childhood, human behavior and dysfunction are largely influenced by the unconscious (neo-freudians)

86
Q

humanistic therapy

A

Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

87
Q

person centered therapy

A

One of the most widely used models in psychotherapy today developed by Carl Rogers. Nondirective therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights

88
Q

gestalt therapy

A

Developed by Fritz Perls, therapists goal is to push clients to decide whether they will allow past conflicts to control their future or whether they will take control of their own destiny

89
Q

group therapy

A

In a small group, usually around 6 to 12, persons with similar problems come together under the direction or facilitation of a trained therapist or counselor to discuss their psychological issues

90
Q

self-help groups

A

Facilitator organizes meetings, but there is an absence of a trained psychotherapist directing the process of the group

91
Q

couple or family therapy

A

Trained professionals can direct spouses and family members to openly discuss their individual perspectives on the same issue

92
Q

somatic sympthom disorder

A

Characterized by physical symptoms including pain, and high anxiety in these individuals about having a disease

93
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

Characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (somatic) symptoms such as nausea or dizziness that has persisted for 6 months

94
Q

conversion disorder

A

Characterized by loss of some bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections

95
Q

dissociative dissorder

A

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss or memory (amnesia) or change in identity

96
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember

97
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person’s behavior

98
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

99
Q

psychosis

A

Any disorder in which the affected person has lost contact with reality (break with reality)

100
Q

positive sympthoms

A

Characteristics of schizophrenia that are added to a person’s personality, such as hallucinations, inappropriate emotions, delusions

101
Q

schizophrenia delusions

A

Bizarre or far fetched belief(s) that are unchanging even after being proven incorrect

102
Q

delusion of reference

A

Believing that hidden messages are being sent to you via newspaper, TV, radio, or magazines

103
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

Believing you are someone very powerful or important, have special abilities, possessions, or powers

104
Q

delusions of persecution

A

Believing that spies, aliens, the government, or even your neighbors are plotting against you (most common)

105
Q

schizophrenia hallucination

A

Perceiving a sensory stimuli that no one else is able to perceive, vividly real to the person experiencing it, content is usually negative

106
Q

Disorganized speech

A

Combing thoughts or switching from one thought to another “word salad”

107
Q

Inappropiate affect

A

Emotions are unsuited to the situation

108
Q

negative sympthoms

A

Characteristics taken away from a person’s personality; things that the individual does not do

109
Q

Catatonia

A

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

110
Q

flat affect

A

Withholding of emotions and exhibiting diminished emotional expression

111
Q

avolition

A

Apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

112
Q

Schizofrenia ethiology

A

While genetics, environment, neurobiology, and psychosocial stress contribute to schizophrenia, the exact cause of the disease is unknown

113
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms

114
Q

diathesis stress model

A

People inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases their risk of schizophrenia; exposure to stress may put one at higher risk of developing schizophrenia

115
Q

biomedical therapy

A

Based on the premise that the symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors, involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders

116
Q

psychopharmacology

A

The study of how psychotropic drugs affect mental processes and behavior

117
Q

antyanxiety drugs (anxiolytic)

A

Designed to reduce anxiety and produce relaxation by lowering sympathetic activity in the brain

118
Q

antidepressant drug

A

Elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin that are linked to depression

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) – blocks the reuptake of serotonin

NDRI (norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors)

SNRI (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)

119
Q

mood stabilizing drugs

A

Designed to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression characteristic of bipolar disorder because they reduce dramatic mood swings

120
Q

stimulants

A

Stimulate the central nervous system, stop the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine and allow the brain to experience more stimulation

121
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

Designed to diminish or eliminate positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms of schizophrenia

122
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead

123
Q

psychosurgery

A

The most dramatic and least used biomedical intervention for changing behaviors, involves removing or lesioning brain tissue, process is irreversible

124
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

Treating severe cases of depression, thin wire is surgically implanted in the area of the brain associated with depression

125
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

An alternative to ECT that involves placing a pulsating magnetic coil over the prefrontal regions of the brain, treats depression with minimal side effects

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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