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Ap psychology key terms > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age including physical, cognitive, and social development

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2
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time(s)

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3
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals

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4
Q

Cross sequential study

A

Individuals in a cross-sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time
(combines longitudinal and cross-sectional)

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5
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Developmental psychologist, contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution, to become a successful complete person

Psychosocial Stages of Development

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6
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust: Infant

A

Infants must learn that adults can be trusted

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7
Q

autonomy vs shame/doubt: Toddlers

A

As toddlers begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results

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8
Q

Industry vs inferiority: elementary school age

A

Children begin to compare themselves to their peers, develop a sense of pride and accomplishment or feeling of inferiority/inadequacy

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9
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion: adolecense

A

An adolescent’s main task is developing a sense of self

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10
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation: early adulthood

A

Develop and maintain successful relationships with others

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11
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation: middle adulthood

A

Middle-aged adults begin contributing to the next generation/society or little connection to others

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12
Q

Ego Integrity vs. Despair: late adulthood

A

People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure

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13
Q

Prenatal development

A

Begins with conception and ends at birth. A full-term pregnancy is typically 38 weeks

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14
Q

Germinal period

A

The stage of development that occurs from conception until 2 weeks
The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after conception

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15
Q

Placenta

A

Specialized organ, sustains the life of the embryo by transferring oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products, and after the initial months of gestation, secreting hormones that sustain the pregnancy

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16
Q

Embryonic period

A

The development period from implantation to 8 weeks of pregnancy, which the major organ and structures of the organism develop

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17
Q

Fetal period

A

The development time period from nine weeks after conception until the birth of the child

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18
Q

Fetus

A

Name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby (Sexual differentiation)

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19
Q

Critical periods

A

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant (Embryonic Period)

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20
Q

Teratrogen

A

Any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposures that commonly occur

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21
Q

Neonates

A

are born preferring sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness

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22
Q

reflexes

A

Infants have a set of innate (existing from birth) unlearned behavior patterns to help the infant to survive

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23
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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24
Q

Developmental norms

A

The normal timeline of mental and physical growth and changes that occur as an entity ages

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25
Q

Six motor milestones

A

Infant’s muscles and nervous system mature, skills emerge

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26
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

The difficulty or inability that adults have in remembering detailed or episodic memories (memories were time, place and events can be identified) from early childhood, generally prior to age 3 or 4

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27
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers, beginning by about 8 months of age

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28
Q

attatchment bond

A

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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29
Q

John bowlby

A
  • Attachment theory: Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as the result of genetics
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30
Q

Konrad lorenzze

A

Theorized that if attachment was important in human survival it may be important in other species

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31
Q

Impriting

A

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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32
Q

Harry harlow

A

Psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort (physical closeness with a caregiver) using infant Rhesus monkeys in 1950s

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33
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

psychologist that found that attachment happens through a complex set of interactions between mothers and infants

Designed the strange situation experiments

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34
Q

Secure attatchment

A

infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return to the caregiver

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35
Q

avoidant attatchment

A

infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver

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36
Q

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

A

unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver

37
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

attachment style for an infant who shows no consistent pattern of response when its caregiver is present or absent

38
Q

Temperament

A

The characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with

39
Q

Autoritarian parenting

A

Restrictive parenting style that emphasizes respect for work and effort. This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child.

40
Q

permisive parenting

A

Parenting style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent

41
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

Parenting style that is child-centered, in that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline.

42
Q

Neglectful parenting

A

parents make few demands, show low responsiveness, and communicate little with their children (may neglect/reject needs of their children)

43
Q

deprivation of attatchment

A

Harlow conducted isolation experiments and discovered that monkeys raised in isolation without a real or artificial mother had no preference for either mother when afraid (monkeys)

44
Q

Abuse-Breeds-Abuse Phenomenon

A

Phenomenon of maltreated children growing up to abuse their own children

45
Q

cognitive development

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

46
Q

Jean PIaget

A

Developmental psychologist, initially developed children’s intelligence tests, focus on differences in thinking between adults and children

Piaget showed that young children think in strikingly different ways compared to adults

47
Q

schema

A

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

48
Q

assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

49
Q

accomodation

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

50
Q

sensorymotor stage

A

Birth to age 2, Infants use their senses and motor abilities to learn about the world around them

51
Q

object permanence

A

A child’s ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight

52
Q

preoperational stage

A

The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

53
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own

54
Q

centration

A

Refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem or object

55
Q

animism

A

The belief that objects that are inanimate (not living) have feelings, thoughts, and have the mental characteristics and qualities of living things (“are just like me”)

56
Q

concrete operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

57
Q

Formal operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

58
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Russian developmental psychologist, developed a theory of how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

59
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

-Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children

60
Q

Scaffolding

A

Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable(tutorias)

61
Q

Sex

A

The biological status of being male or female or intersex

62
Q

Gender

A

The sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female

63
Q

Gender identity

A

The individual’s sense (psychological) of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations

64
Q

Human sexuality

A

Refers to people’s sexual interest in and attraction to others, as well as their capacity to have erotic experiences and responses

65
Q

sexual orientation

A

Refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic and/or sexual attractions to men, women or both sexes

66
Q

Gender roles

A

Set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

67
Q

social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura, Emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of models, attributes gender role development

68
Q

Gender schema theory

A

Children develop schemas for being male or female by 9 months, once the schema is in place, children identify themselves as “boy” or “girl” and will notice other members of that schema

69
Q

adolescence

A

: The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

70
Q

puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

71
Q

Synaptic prunning

A

Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency

72
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

Heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability

73
Q

imaginary audience

A

Attention-getting behavior-the attempt to be noticed, visible, and “onstage”

74
Q

personal fable

A

Adolescents sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability

75
Q

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

A

During adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

76
Q

identity diffusion

A

Adolescents have not yet experienced an identity crisis (no commitments)

77
Q

Identity forclosure

A

Adolescents have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis

78
Q

Identity achivement

A

Adolescent has undergone an identity crisis and made a commitment

79
Q

identity moratoium

A

State of adolescents who are in the midst of an identity crisis, not made clear commitment to an identity

80
Q

emerging adulthood

A

Developmental phase that spans between adolescence and adulthood

81
Q

menopause

A

For women, reproductive organs begin functioning inconsistently, decline in estrogen, end of reproduction (menstrual cycle/fertility) around the age 50

82
Q

alzheimer disease

A

Most common type of neurocognitive disorder
Loss of brain cells and neural network connections
Deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine, the memory neurotransmitter

83
Q

moral development

A

Thoughts, behaviors, and feelings regarding standards of right and wrong

84
Q

Lawrence kohlberg

A

Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong, primarily concerned with justice

85
Q

level 1/ preconventional morality

A

-stage1: Punishment and obedience orientation. People base their moral decisions on fear of punishment.

-stage2: Individualism, Instrumental purpose and exchange. Individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same. What is right involves equal exchange

86
Q

level2/ conventional morality

A

Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations. Individuals value trust, caring & loyalty for moral judgments

Stage 4: Social Systems Morality. Moral judgments are based on understanding of the social order, law, justice and duty

87
Q

level 3 postconventional morality

A

Stage 5: Social Contract. Individuals reason that values rights and principles that transcend the law to protect fundamental human rights and values

Stage 6: Universal ethical principles. Moral standard based on universal human rights.

88
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Proposed the Stages of the Ethics of Care theory for female moral development

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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