Unit 7 Flashcards
Motivation
It is an urge to behave or act in a way that will satisfy certain conditions, such as wishes, desires, or goals
Instinct Theory “The Evolutionary Perspective”
People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily/genetically programmed to do so with survival instincts
motivation to survive
Drive Reduction Theory “In Search of Balance” (Clark Hull 1943)
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivate an organism to satisfy the need
Homeaostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism, to stay in balance
Incentive theory
We are pulled into action by—positive or negative— outside incentives
optimum arousal theory
Human motivation aims to increase arousal. We feel driven to experience stimulation
optimum level of arousal
everyone needs a different level of arousal in order to stay motivated and have a good performance.
Yerkes-Dodson law
Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
As a person satisfies the needs in the bottom of the pyramid (basic needs) they can gradually climb to the top stages of the pyramid (self fulfillment needs)
physiological needs
The most basic of Maslow’s needs are physiological needs, the things that are vital to our survival
Food
Water
Breathing
Homeostasis
security/safety needs
People want control and order in their lives, so this need for safety and security contributes largely to behaviors at this level
Financial security
Heath and wellness
Safety against accidents and injury
social needs
At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior
esteem needs
At this point, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized.
self actualization
At the highest level of the hierarchy, need that essentially equates to achieving one’s full potential
self-transcendence
People strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self (spiritual fulfillment)
hunger motivation
Understanding why we eat, hunger is something that makes us do things (motivator) and is a drive state
Hypothalamus
controls drives including hunger
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) “Hungry”
The “on” button for eating. If stimulated, causes you to feel hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
The “off” button for eating. when stimulated, makes you feel full
set point
The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight
Describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulse to send
external cues for eating behavior
environmental facors that influence our desire to eat
bullimia nervosa
Repeated episodes of binge eating and the use of compensatory behaviors in order to offset eating
anorexia nervosa
Characterized by not eating enough
The physical symptoms are a result of the body being denied essential nutrients,
obesity
being overweight and the potential health problems associated with diabetes and hypertension
sexual motivation
The normal human interest in sexual objects and activities
sexual response cycle
includes the stages humans go through during sexual interaction
Excitement Stage
Plateau Stage
Orgasm Phase
Resolution Phase
Refractory Period
achievement motivation
The need for achievement drives accomplishment and performance and thereby motivates our behavior
Intrinsic motivation
Behavior that is driven by internal rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)
extrinsic motivation
Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise
overjustification effect
Phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action
affiliation need
People need each other and need groups in order to survive and thrive “Social Animals”
Ostracision
Ostracism is being deliberately left out of a group or social setting by exclusion and rejection
Approach-Approach Conflict:
Conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two appealing goals
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Making a decision between two equally undesirable choices
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative consequences
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
Weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements
Emotion
A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind. The complex experience includes:
Physiological Arousal
Expressive Behaviors
Conscious Experience
non verbal comunication
Facial expressions, gestures, posture, distance, and nonlinguistic vocal characteristics that express emotional feelings
Display rules
A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions
The norms of a group not only identify when and where it is appropriate to express emotions but also the extent at which these emotions are expressed
common sense theory
Theory in which a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system
(ex: cuando un ladron me va a robar me da miedo y comienzo a temblar)
James lange theory
Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
External stimulus
Physiological reaction
Emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions
ex: cuando no me siento asustada por la situacion como tal si no por el hecho de que estoy temblando
facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions
Canon bard theory of emotion
Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other
Schachter-singer two factor theory
The physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion
ex:if you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an important math exam, you will probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical responses on a date with your significant other, you might interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal
polygraphs
lie detector machines, hooked up to a person to record changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin response
stress
Any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain
Acute stress: A very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing
Chronic stress: Stress that seems never-ending and inescapable
Eustress
Effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being (creates motivation)
distress
Occurs when people experience unpleasant and undesirable stressors
General adaptation syndrome(GAS)
Researched by Hans Selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress
Stress is a defensive mechanism
Stress follows the three stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
If the stress is prolonged or severe, it could result in diseases of adaptation or even death
alarm
When the body first reacts to a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system is activated
resistance
As the stress continues, the body settles into sympathetic division activity, continuing to release the stress hormones that help the body fight off, or resist, the stressor
exhaustion
When the body’s resources are gone, exhaustion occurs, can lead to formation of stress-related diseases
stressor
Stress-causing events that come from within a person or from an external source and range from relatively mild to severe (different intensities and effects)
coping strategies
Maladaptive strategies ordinarily fail to remove the stressors or wind up substituting one stressor for another
Adaptive strategies remove stressors or enable us to better tolerate them
locus of control
l: Refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives
internal locus of control
You believe that you have control over what happens
external locus of control
Blame outside forces for their circumstances
type A personality
Person who is ambitious, time conscious extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed
type B personality
Person who is relaxed and laid back, less driven and less competitive than Type A, and slow to anger
emotion focused copying
Managing emotions that come up from a stressful situation
problem focused copying
The source of the stress is located and removed, thus removing the feelings that come up
appraisal copying
Attempts to reframe the stressors-changing one’s perceptions and assumptions about the stressors
personality
can be defined as an individual’s unique, relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Sigmund Freud
the father of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud developed theory of personality development, human behavior and experience are determined by forces over which we have very little control and about which we are generally unaware
uncoscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
All our animalistic biological drives, instincts, and urges reside in the unconscious
Id
Part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification
pleasure priciple
ego
The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
-reality priciple
super ego
The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
-morality principle
psychosexual stages
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus complex
According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
During the phallic stage
Identification
: The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
immitates same sex parent
fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
psychoanalysis
Freud’s techniques used
in treating psychological disorders
by seeking to expose and interpret
unconscious tensions
free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
interpretation of dreams
Freud analyze dreams, viewed dreams as significant hidden material
The manifest content was what was remembered – it was the censored version. He was interested in the latent content, that which was not remembered/unconscious
defense mechanisms
Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms, tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
repression
Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness
displacement
Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
projection
Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
regression
When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
denial
Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
rationalization
Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
reaction formation
Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior
Carl Jung
Early follower of Freud, established rival theoretical perspective
Jung thought all people shared a collective unconscious. This is our supposedly common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral & evolutionary past
archetypes
Major structural components of the collective unconscious, universal pattern or predispositions that structure how all humans consciously and unconsciously adapt to their world
persona(mask)
The socially acceptable mask or front the person presents to the world, highly conscious creation
anima
The hidden feminine side of man, based on men’s collective experiences with women throughout time
animus
The hidden masculine side of woman
shadow
Animal side of our personality, part of the unconscious mind, repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings
Alfred Adler
Emphasized social interest as the primary determinant of behavior
Adler believed people strive for superiority to be altruistic, cooperative, creative, unique, aware, and interested in social welfare
Karen Horney
Feminist perspective to psychoanalytic theory, attacked male bias in Freud’s work
Males & females are envious of attributes of the other sex, women are more envious of men’s societal status than their male parts
Thematic apperception test
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like.
humanistic theory
Emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality
Carl rogers self theory
Self, an organized, consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves, which develops in response to our life experiences
ideal self vs real self
The ideal self is the person that you would like to be; the real self is the person you actually are
incongruence
the difference between our real self, and ideal self
unconditional positive regard
Showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does
behavioral theories
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
social cognitive theory
Suggests that cognitive processes play a role equal to the environment’s role to determine the individual’s behavior patterns and personality
reciprocal determinism
Albert Bandura proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality
observational learning
Albert Bandura Behavior results, people see other people’s actions and the consequences of those actions and then incorporate those behaviors into their own behavior
trait/type theory
The trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals, focused on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics
Gordon Allpot
Conducted research that focused on conscious motivation and personal traits. Proposed three levels of traits…
cardinal traits
Cardinal Traits, traits that dominate an individual’s whole life
central traits
Central Traits, general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality
secondary traits
often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances
raymond catell’s 16 traits
16 traits are the source of all human personality
source traits
The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
surface traits
Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Hans Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions
Developed a model of personality based upon just three universal traits
Extraversion: Measures our sociability, tendency to pay attention to external environment
Neuroticism: Measures our level of instability
Psychoticism: Measures our level of tough-mindedness (friendly,
The Big Five Personality Factors:
Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Self-report inventory designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences
