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Ap psychology key terms > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

It is an urge to behave or act in a way that will satisfy certain conditions, such as wishes, desires, or goals

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2
Q

Instinct Theory “The Evolutionary Perspective”

A

People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily/genetically programmed to do so with survival instincts
motivation to survive

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3
Q

Drive Reduction Theory “In Search of Balance” (Clark Hull 1943)

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivate an organism to satisfy the need

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4
Q

Homeaostasis

A

The body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism, to stay in balance

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5
Q

Incentive theory

A

We are pulled into action by—positive or negative— outside incentives

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6
Q

optimum arousal theory

A

Human motivation aims to increase arousal. We feel driven to experience stimulation

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7
Q

optimum level of arousal

A

everyone needs a different level of arousal in order to stay motivated and have a good performance.

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes

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9
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs

As a person satisfies the needs in the bottom of the pyramid (basic needs) they can gradually climb to the top stages of the pyramid (self fulfillment needs)

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10
Q

physiological needs

A

The most basic of Maslow’s needs are physiological needs, the things that are vital to our survival

Food
Water
Breathing
Homeostasis

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11
Q

security/safety needs

A

People want control and order in their lives, so this need for safety and security contributes largely to behaviors at this level
Financial security
Heath and wellness
Safety against accidents and injury

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12
Q

social needs

A

At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior

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13
Q

esteem needs

A

At this point, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized.

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14
Q

self actualization

A

At the highest level of the hierarchy, need that essentially equates to achieving one’s full potential

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15
Q

self-transcendence

A

People strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self (spiritual fulfillment)

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16
Q

hunger motivation

A

Understanding why we eat, hunger is something that makes us do things (motivator) and is a drive state

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls drives including hunger

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17
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH) “Hungry”

A

The “on” button for eating. If stimulated, causes you to feel hunger

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18
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

The “off” button for eating. when stimulated, makes you feel full

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19
Q

set point

A

The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight

Describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulse to send

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20
Q

external cues for eating behavior

A

environmental facors that influence our desire to eat

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21
Q

bullimia nervosa

A

Repeated episodes of binge eating and the use of compensatory behaviors in order to offset eating

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22
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Characterized by not eating enough
The physical symptoms are a result of the body being denied essential nutrients,

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23
Q

obesity

A

being overweight and the potential health problems associated with diabetes and hypertension

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24
Q

sexual motivation

A

The normal human interest in sexual objects and activities

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25
Q

sexual response cycle

A

includes the stages humans go through during sexual interaction

Excitement Stage
Plateau Stage
Orgasm Phase
Resolution Phase
Refractory Period

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26
Q

achievement motivation

A

The need for achievement drives accomplishment and performance and thereby motivates our behavior

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27
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by internal rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)

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28
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise

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29
Q

overjustification effect

A

Phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action

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30
Q

affiliation need

A

People need each other and need groups in order to survive and thrive “Social Animals”

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31
Q

Ostracision

A

Ostracism is being deliberately left out of a group or social setting by exclusion and rejection

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32
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict:

A

Conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two appealing goals

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33
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A

Making a decision between two equally undesirable choices

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34
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative consequences

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35
Q

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

A

Weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements

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36
Q

Emotion

A

A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind. The complex experience includes:

Physiological Arousal
Expressive Behaviors
Conscious Experience

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37
Q

non verbal comunication

A

Facial expressions, gestures, posture, distance, and nonlinguistic vocal characteristics that express emotional feelings

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38
Q

Display rules

A

A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions
The norms of a group not only identify when and where it is appropriate to express emotions but also the extent at which these emotions are expressed

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39
Q

common sense theory

A

Theory in which a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system
(ex: cuando un ladron me va a robar me da miedo y comienzo a temblar)

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40
Q

James lange theory

A

Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

External stimulus
Physiological reaction
Emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions

ex: cuando no me siento asustada por la situacion como tal si no por el hecho de que estoy temblando

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41
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

Facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions

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42
Q

Canon bard theory of emotion

A

Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other

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43
Q

Schachter-singer two factor theory

A

The physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion
ex:if you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an important math exam, you will probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical responses on a date with your significant other, you might interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal

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44
Q

polygraphs

A

lie detector machines, hooked up to a person to record changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin response

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45
Q

stress

A

Any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain

Acute stress: A very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing

Chronic stress: Stress that seems never-ending and inescapable

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46
Q

Eustress

A

Effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being (creates motivation)

47
Q

distress

A

Occurs when people experience unpleasant and undesirable stressors

48
Q

General adaptation syndrome(GAS)

A

Researched by Hans Selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress

Stress is a defensive mechanism
Stress follows the three stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
If the stress is prolonged or severe, it could result in diseases of adaptation or even death

49
Q

alarm

A

When the body first reacts to a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system is activated

50
Q

resistance

A

As the stress continues, the body settles into sympathetic division activity, continuing to release the stress hormones that help the body fight off, or resist, the stressor

51
Q

exhaustion

A

When the body’s resources are gone, exhaustion occurs, can lead to formation of stress-related diseases

52
Q

stressor

A

Stress-causing events that come from within a person or from an external source and range from relatively mild to severe (different intensities and effects)

53
Q

coping strategies

A

Maladaptive strategies ordinarily fail to remove the stressors or wind up substituting one stressor for another

Adaptive strategies remove stressors or enable us to better tolerate them

54
Q

locus of control

A

l: Refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives

55
Q

internal locus of control

A

You believe that you have control over what happens

56
Q

external locus of control

A

Blame outside forces for their circumstances

57
Q

type A personality

A

Person who is ambitious, time conscious extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed

58
Q

type B personality

A

Person who is relaxed and laid back, less driven and less competitive than Type A, and slow to anger

59
Q

emotion focused copying

A

Managing emotions that come up from a stressful situation

60
Q

problem focused copying

A

The source of the stress is located and removed, thus removing the feelings that come up

61
Q

appraisal copying

A

Attempts to reframe the stressors-changing one’s perceptions and assumptions about the stressors

62
Q

personality

A

can be defined as an individual’s unique, relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

63
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

the father of psychoanalysis

64
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud developed theory of personality development, human behavior and experience are determined by forces over which we have very little control and about which we are generally unaware

65
Q

uncoscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

All our animalistic biological drives, instincts, and urges reside in the unconscious

66
Q

Id

A

Part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification
pleasure priciple

67
Q

ego

A

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
-reality priciple

68
Q

super ego

A

The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
-morality principle

69
Q

psychosexual stages

A

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

70
Q

Oedipus complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

During the phallic stage

71
Q

Identification

A

: The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
immitates same sex parent

72
Q

fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

73
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s techniques used
in treating psychological disorders
by seeking to expose and interpret
unconscious tensions

74
Q

free association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

75
Q

interpretation of dreams

A

Freud analyze dreams, viewed dreams as significant hidden material

The manifest content was what was remembered – it was the censored version. He was interested in the latent content, that which was not remembered/unconscious

76
Q

defense mechanisms

A

Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms, tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

77
Q

repression

A

Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness

78
Q

displacement

A

Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening

79
Q

projection

A

Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people

80
Q

regression

A

When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development

81
Q

denial

A

Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope

82
Q

rationalization

A

Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior

83
Q

reaction formation

A

Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior

84
Q

Carl Jung

A

Early follower of Freud, established rival theoretical perspective

Jung thought all people shared a collective unconscious. This is our supposedly common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral & evolutionary past

85
Q

archetypes

A

Major structural components of the collective unconscious, universal pattern or predispositions that structure how all humans consciously and unconsciously adapt to their world

86
Q

persona(mask)

A

The socially acceptable mask or front the person presents to the world, highly conscious creation

87
Q

anima

A

The hidden feminine side of man, based on men’s collective experiences with women throughout time

88
Q

animus

A

The hidden masculine side of woman

89
Q

shadow

A

Animal side of our personality, part of the unconscious mind, repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings

90
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Emphasized social interest as the primary determinant of behavior

Adler believed people strive for superiority to be altruistic, cooperative, creative, unique, aware, and interested in social welfare

91
Q

Karen Horney

A

Feminist perspective to psychoanalytic theory, attacked male bias in Freud’s work

Males & females are envious of attributes of the other sex, women are more envious of men’s societal status than their male parts

92
Q

Thematic apperception test

A

Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

93
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like.

94
Q

humanistic theory

A

Emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality

95
Q

Carl rogers self theory

A

Self, an organized, consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves, which develops in response to our life experiences

96
Q

ideal self vs real self

A

The ideal self is the person that you would like to be; the real self is the person you actually are

97
Q

incongruence

A

the difference between our real self, and ideal self

98
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

Showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does

99
Q

behavioral theories

A

Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment

100
Q

social cognitive theory

A

Suggests that cognitive processes play a role equal to the environment’s role to determine the individual’s behavior patterns and personality

101
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

Albert Bandura proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality

102
Q

observational learning

A

Albert Bandura Behavior results, people see other people’s actions and the consequences of those actions and then incorporate those behaviors into their own behavior

103
Q

trait/type theory

A

The trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals, focused on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics

104
Q

Gordon Allpot

A

Conducted research that focused on conscious motivation and personal traits. Proposed three levels of traits…

105
Q

cardinal traits

A

Cardinal Traits, traits that dominate an individual’s whole life

106
Q

central traits

A

Central Traits, general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality

107
Q

secondary traits

A

often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances

108
Q

raymond catell’s 16 traits

A

16 traits are the source of all human personality

109
Q

source traits

A

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

110
Q

surface traits

A

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

111
Q

Hans Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions

A

Developed a model of personality based upon just three universal traits

Extraversion: Measures our sociability, tendency to pay attention to external environment

Neuroticism: Measures our level of instability

Psychoticism: Measures our level of tough-mindedness (friendly,

112
Q

The Big Five Personality Factors:

A

Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

113
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

A

The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders

114
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A

Self-report inventory designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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