Unit 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Motivation
A
It is an urge to behave or act in a way that will satisfy certain conditions, such as wishes, desires, or goals
2
Q
Instinct Theory “The Evolutionary Perspective”
A
People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily/genetically programmed to do so with survival instincts
motivation to survive
3
Q
Drive Reduction Theory “In Search of Balance” (Clark Hull 1943)
A
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivate an organism to satisfy the need
4
Q
Homeaostasis
A
The body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism, to stay in balance
5
Q
Incentive theory
A
We are pulled into action by—positive or negative— outside incentives
6
Q
optimum arousal theory
A
Human motivation aims to increase arousal. We feel driven to experience stimulation
7
Q
optimum level of arousal
A
everyone needs a different level of arousal in order to stay motivated and have a good performance.
8
Q
Yerkes-Dodson law
A
Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes
9
Q
Maslows hierarchy of needs
A
Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
As a person satisfies the needs in the bottom of the pyramid (basic needs) they can gradually climb to the top stages of the pyramid (self fulfillment needs)
10
Q
physiological needs
A
The most basic of Maslow’s needs are physiological needs, the things that are vital to our survival
Food
Water
Breathing
Homeostasis
11
Q
security/safety needs
A
People want control and order in their lives, so this need for safety and security contributes largely to behaviors at this level
Financial security
Heath and wellness
Safety against accidents and injury
12
Q
social needs
A
At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior
13
Q
esteem needs
A
At this point, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized.
14
Q
self actualization
A
At the highest level of the hierarchy, need that essentially equates to achieving one’s full potential
15
Q
self-transcendence
A
People strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self (spiritual fulfillment)
16
Q
hunger motivation
A
Understanding why we eat, hunger is something that makes us do things (motivator) and is a drive state
17
Q
Hypothalamus
A
controls drives including hunger
17
Q
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) “Hungry”
A
The “on” button for eating. If stimulated, causes you to feel hunger
18
Q
ventromedial hypothalamus
A
The “off” button for eating. when stimulated, makes you feel full
19
Q
set point
A
The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight
Describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulse to send
20
Q
external cues for eating behavior
A
environmental facors that influence our desire to eat
21
Q
bullimia nervosa
A
Repeated episodes of binge eating and the use of compensatory behaviors in order to offset eating
22
Q
anorexia nervosa
A
Characterized by not eating enough
The physical symptoms are a result of the body being denied essential nutrients,
23
Q
obesity
A
being overweight and the potential health problems associated with diabetes and hypertension
24
sexual motivation
The normal human interest in sexual objects and activities
25
sexual response cycle
includes the stages humans go through during sexual interaction
Excitement Stage
Plateau Stage
Orgasm Phase
Resolution Phase
Refractory Period
26
achievement motivation
The need for achievement drives accomplishment and performance and thereby motivates our behavior
27
Intrinsic motivation
Behavior that is driven by internal rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)
28
extrinsic motivation
Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise
29
overjustification effect
Phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action
30
affiliation need
People need each other and need groups in order to survive and thrive “Social Animals”
31
Ostracision
Ostracism is being deliberately left out of a group or social setting by exclusion and rejection
32
Approach-Approach Conflict:
Conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two appealing goals
33
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Making a decision between two equally undesirable choices
34
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative consequences
35
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
Weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements
36
Emotion
A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind. The complex experience includes:
Physiological Arousal
Expressive Behaviors
Conscious Experience
37
non verbal comunication
Facial expressions, gestures, posture, distance, and nonlinguistic vocal characteristics that express emotional feelings
38
Display rules
A social group or culture's informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions
The norms of a group not only identify when and where it is appropriate to express emotions but also the extent at which these emotions are expressed
39
common sense theory
Theory in which a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system
(ex: cuando un ladron me va a robar me da miedo y comienzo a temblar)
40
James lange theory
Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
External stimulus
Physiological reaction
Emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions
ex: cuando no me siento asustada por la situacion como tal si no por el hecho de que estoy temblando
41
facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions
42
Canon bard theory of emotion
Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other
43
Schachter-singer two factor theory
The physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion
ex:if you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an important math exam, you will probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical responses on a date with your significant other, you might interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal
44
polygraphs
lie detector machines, hooked up to a person to record changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin response
45
stress
Any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain
Acute stress: A very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing
Chronic stress: Stress that seems never-ending and inescapable
46
Eustress
Effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being (creates motivation)
47
distress
Occurs when people experience unpleasant and undesirable stressors
48
General adaptation syndrome(GAS)
Researched by Hans Selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress
Stress is a defensive mechanism
Stress follows the three stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
If the stress is prolonged or severe, it could result in diseases of adaptation or even death
49
alarm
When the body first reacts to a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system is activated
50
resistance
As the stress continues, the body settles into sympathetic division activity, continuing to release the stress hormones that help the body fight off, or resist, the stressor
51
exhaustion
When the body’s resources are gone, exhaustion occurs, can lead to formation of stress-related diseases
52
stressor
Stress-causing events that come from within a person or from an external source and range from relatively mild to severe (different intensities and effects)
53
coping strategies
Maladaptive strategies ordinarily fail to remove the stressors or wind up substituting one stressor for another
Adaptive strategies remove stressors or enable us to better tolerate them
54
locus of control
l: Refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives
55
internal locus of control
You believe that you have control over what happens
56
external locus of control
Blame outside forces for their circumstances
57
type A personality
Person who is ambitious, time conscious extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed
58
type B personality
Person who is relaxed and laid back, less driven and less competitive than Type A, and slow to anger
59
emotion focused copying
Managing emotions that come up from a stressful situation
60
problem focused copying
The source of the stress is located and removed, thus removing the feelings that come up
61
appraisal copying
Attempts to reframe the stressors-changing one’s perceptions and assumptions about the stressors
62
personality
can be defined as an individual's unique, relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
63
Sigmund Freud
the father of psychoanalysis
64
Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud developed theory of personality development, human behavior and experience are determined by forces over which we have very little control and about which we are generally unaware
65
uncoscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
All our animalistic biological drives, instincts, and urges reside in the unconscious
66
Id
Part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification
pleasure priciple
67
ego
The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
-reality priciple
68
super ego
The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
-morality principle
69
psychosexual stages
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
70
Oedipus complex
According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
During the phallic stage
71
Identification
: The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
immitates same sex parent
72
fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
73
psychoanalysis
Freud’s techniques used
in treating psychological disorders
by seeking to expose and interpret
unconscious tensions
74
free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
75
interpretation of dreams
Freud analyze dreams, viewed dreams as significant hidden material
The manifest content was what was remembered – it was the censored version. He was interested in the latent content, that which was not remembered/unconscious
76
defense mechanisms
Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms, tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
77
repression
Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness
78
displacement
Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
79
projection
Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
80
regression
When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
81
denial
Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
82
rationalization
Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
83
reaction formation
Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior
84
Carl Jung
Early follower of Freud, established rival theoretical perspective
Jung thought all people shared a collective unconscious. This is our supposedly common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral & evolutionary past
85
archetypes
Major structural components of the collective unconscious, universal pattern or predispositions that structure how all humans consciously and unconsciously adapt to their world
86
persona(mask)
The socially acceptable mask or front the person presents to the world, highly conscious creation
87
anima
The hidden feminine side of man, based on men’s collective experiences with women throughout time
88
animus
The hidden masculine side of woman
89
shadow
Animal side of our personality, part of the unconscious mind, repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings
90
Alfred Adler
Emphasized social interest as the primary determinant of behavior
Adler believed people strive for superiority to be altruistic, cooperative, creative, unique, aware, and interested in social welfare
91
Karen Horney
Feminist perspective to psychoanalytic theory, attacked male bias in Freud’s work
Males & females are envious of attributes of the other sex, women are more envious of men’s societal status than their male parts
92
Thematic apperception test
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
93
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like.
94
humanistic theory
Emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality
95
Carl rogers self theory
Self, an organized, consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves, which develops in response to our life experiences
96
ideal self vs real self
The ideal self is the person that you would like to be; the real self is the person you actually are
97
incongruence
the difference between our real self, and ideal self
98
unconditional positive regard
Showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does
99
behavioral theories
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
100
social cognitive theory
Suggests that cognitive processes play a role equal to the environment’s role to determine the individual's behavior patterns and personality
101
reciprocal determinism
Albert Bandura proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality
102
observational learning
Albert Bandura Behavior results, people see other people’s actions and the consequences of those actions and then incorporate those behaviors into their own behavior
103
trait/type theory
The trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals, focused on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics
104
Gordon Allpot
Conducted research that focused on conscious motivation and personal traits. Proposed three levels of traits...
105
cardinal traits
Cardinal Traits, traits that dominate an individual’s whole life
106
central traits
Central Traits, general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality
107
secondary traits
often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances
108
raymond catell's 16 traits
16 traits are the source of all human personality
109
source traits
The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
110
surface traits
Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
111
Hans Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions
Developed a model of personality based upon just three universal traits
Extraversion: Measures our sociability, tendency to pay attention to external environment
Neuroticism: Measures our level of instability
Psychoticism: Measures our level of tough-mindedness (friendly,
112
The Big Five Personality Factors:
Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
113
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders
114
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences
