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Ap psychology key terms > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary movement/higher-order cognitive processes (reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language)

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2
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Process sensory signals

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3
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

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4
Q

Temporal lobe

A

sense of hearing and meaningful speech

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5
Q

left hemisphere

A

Specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, sense of time and rhythm, and basically any kind of thought requiring analysis

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6
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Appears to specialize in more widespread processing involving perception, visualization, spatial perception, recognition of patterns, faces, emotions, melodies, and expression of emotion

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7
Q

Lateralization

A

the localization of some functions in one of the two hemispheres

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8
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres

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9
Q

Broca’s area

A

is essential in speech production. This area of the brain acts as a command center, orchestrating the complex muscle movements necessary for articulating spoken words.

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10
Q

Wernickes area

A

Wernicke area is responsible for the comprehension of written and spoken language

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11
Q

Medulla

A

autonomic responses, including breathing, heart rate & blood pressure

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12
Q

Pons

A

Transfers information between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain.
-regulates sleep cycle and consciousness as well( vivid dreams)

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Helps control posture, balance, and the coordination of voluntary movements (motor coordination)

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14
Q

limbic system

A

hypothalamus, hipocampus, amygdala, pituitary gland.

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates variety of drives (hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and temperature) (located under the thalamus)
-controls pituitary gland

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes and transmits movement and sensory information to the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Hippocampus

A

formation, organization, and storage of new memories as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories

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18
Q

Amygdala

A
  • fear center. involved in processing emotion and survival responses (coordinates flirght or fight responses)
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19
Q

Reticular formation

A

contributes to attention and conscious state by filtering incoming stimuli and selectively relaying information

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20
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

is the brain’s ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain

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21
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the process that create new neurons

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22
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

Operation that removes parts of the brain to control behavior, disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

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23
Q

Hemisphereoctomy

A

Brain surgery used to treat behavioral disorders or illnesses, removal of one of the halves of the brain(treat epilepsy)

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24
Q

Electroencephalograph(EEG)

A

Measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp(wave patterns that indicate sleep, seizures, tumors)

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25
Q

Computer tomography (CAT scan)

A

Two-dimensional x-ray photographs from different angels and using to create three-dimensional representation of organ (structural problems)

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26
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging( MRI)

A

Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce three dimensional detailed images of the brain( better resolution than CAT)

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27
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain by extremely sensitive devices

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28
Q

Functional MRI

A

Measuring Brain Activity, detects the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity

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29
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan):

A

Uses trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain (glucose)

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30
Q

Nervous system

A

Body’s communication network that consists of all nerve cells

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31
Q

Central nervous system

A

Coordinates the actions and interactions of the brain & spinal cord, body’s main control center

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32
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Includes the sensory nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- it can be motor pathway( from brain to muscle) or sensory pathway( from senses to brain)

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33
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Includes the nerves that transmit signals from your brain to the skeletal muscles to allow voluntary movement (motor pathways)

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34
Q

Sensory Neurons “Afferent Neurons”

A

Carry information from the nerves to the central nervous system

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35
Q

Efferent neurons

A

motor neurons, carry signals away from central nervous system to initiate an action

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36
Q

Reflex arc

A

Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the information instead of passing it on to the brain

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37
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates involuntary and unconscious actions

Breathing, blood pumping through veins, digestion, heartbeat, work of other internal organs

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38
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movement

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39
Q

Sympathetic

A

Emergency response system, If something alarms, enrages, or challenges you “Fight, Flight or Freeze”

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40
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Functions to calm the person “Rest & Digest

41
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals

42
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals in the brain that carry messages from one neuron to another

43
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells that provide physical support for the neurons to grow on and around (glue)

44
Q

Dendrites

A

Part of neuron, branch-like extensions that receives electrical messages from other cells

45
Q

Receptor sites

A

Receive signals, receptor sites are the lock where the neurotransmitter molecule fits into

46
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of the neuron responsible to maintain the cell and keep the neuron functional

47
Q

axon

A

Fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings, its job is to carry messages out to other cells

48
Q

Myeling sheats

A

wraps around the axon to protect the nerve fiber from damage, insulating sheath, speeds up the neural message

49
Q

Axon terminals

A

tips at the end of the axon, send signal to other neurons

50
Q

Action potential

A

neuron sends information. part of the neural membrane opens to allow positively charged ions inside the cell and negatively charged ions out.

51
Q

Resting potential

A

neuron is charge and ready to fire

52
Q

All or none principle

A

When a neuron fires it is at full strength or not at all, strength of action potential is constant

53
Q

Refractory period

A

Period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential (recovery time)

54
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

cause neurons to fire (more action potentials)

55
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

prevent neurons from firing (less action potentials)

56
Q

Aceticholine

A

Principal neurotransmitter involved in thought and memory. In the body, it is involved in activating muscle action.

57
Q

Serotonin

A

Connected to feelings of well-being and happiness (regulation of emotion)

58
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure Chemical of the Brain” Released into the pleasure centers of the brain, related to reward and motivation
-inhibitory

59
Q

Norepinephrine

A

flight or fight responses to danger

60
Q

GABA

A

calming the central nervous system

61
Q

Glutamate

A

involved with most normal operations of the brain including thinking, long-term memory, and learning
-excitatory

62
Q

Endorphins

A

Relieve pain and stress, “Brain’s natural aspirin”, feelings of pleasure/euphoria
- inhibitory

63
Q

Endocrine system

A

system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to maintain the body’s homeostasis

64
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream

65
Q

Glands

A

endocrine organs that produce and secrete hormones

66
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Regulates stress, growth and reproduction, including some parts of pregnancy and childbirth

67
Q

Pineal gland

A

Located in the brain, near the back, secrets a hormone called melatonin which regulates sleep and body rhythms

68
Q

Thiroid gland

A

Located inside the lower neck, secretes a hormone called thyroxin that regulates metabolism, growth, and appetite

69
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Two glands on top of each kidney involved in stress response
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)

70
Q

Gonads

A

sex glands. ovaries in the female and the testis in the male, secret estrogen and testosterone.

71
Q

Oxytocine

A

Powerful hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction

72
Q

Cortisol

A

Body’s Main Stress Hormone, works with certain part of your brain to control your mood, motivation, and fear

73
Q

Nature

A

genetics

74
Q

Nurture

A

environment

75
Q

Twin study

A

a research design that investigates the traits of identical and fraternal twins to determine the extent to which traits are genetically or environmentally controlled

76
Q

consciousness

A

is a state of being aware of your environment and you’re own mental activity

77
Q

Nonconscious Level

A

body’s automatic biological processes, like breathing and heartbeat, which are controlled by brain but outside consciousness

78
Q

Priming

A

When exposure to a stimulus beneath conscious awareness influences a response to other stimuli

79
Q

Non rem sleep, stage 1

A

Transition period between wakefulness and sleep, drifting in & out of sleep
-Alpha waves

80
Q

Non rem stage 2

A

body temperature will drop, heart rate slows, breathing more shallow and irregular
-Theta waves

81
Q

Non rem stage 3-4

A

Slow-wave sleep, delta waves, begin to appear more often

82
Q

Rem sleep

A

period of sleep that is most associated with dreaming
-sleep paralysis

83
Q

Sleep spindles

A

bursts of neural activity that take place in stage 2 of NREM sleep and may be important for memory consolidation

84
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Occurs any time that you get less sleep than your body needs.

85
Q

Rem rebound

A

Lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation

86
Q

Micro sleep

A

uncontrollable, brief episode of sleep which can last anywhere from a single fraction of a second up to 10 full seconds

87
Q

Jet lag

A

Temporary condition caused by rapid travel across time zones and may leave an individual experiencing fatigue, insomnia, nausea, or other symptoms as a result of the circadian rhythm disruption

88
Q

Insomnia

A

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

89
Q

Sleep apnea

A

the affected person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

90
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

91
Q

Sleep walking

A

The purposeful movement of walking that occurs in a sleep-like state

92
Q

Night terrors

A

person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking full

93
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods

94
Q

Agonist

A

mimic neurotransmitter

95
Q

Antagonist

A

Block neurotransmitters

96
Q

Depresants

A

Slow the activity of the central nervous system. They reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with a person’s judgment, motor activity, and concentration
Alcohol
Sedative Hypnotics Drugs
Opioids

97
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking

Caffeine
Amphetamines
Cocaine

98
Q

Hallucinogens

A

A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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