unit 2 Flashcards
Frontal Lobe
Voluntary movement/higher-order cognitive processes (reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language)
Parietal lobe
Process sensory signals
Occipital lobe
vision
Temporal lobe
sense of hearing and meaningful speech
left hemisphere
Specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, sense of time and rhythm, and basically any kind of thought requiring analysis
Right hemisphere
Appears to specialize in more widespread processing involving perception, visualization, spatial perception, recognition of patterns, faces, emotions, melodies, and expression of emotion
Lateralization
the localization of some functions in one of the two hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Connects the two hemispheres
Broca’s area
is essential in speech production. This area of the brain acts as a command center, orchestrating the complex muscle movements necessary for articulating spoken words.
Wernickes area
Wernicke area is responsible for the comprehension of written and spoken language
Medulla
autonomic responses, including breathing, heart rate & blood pressure
Pons
Transfers information between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain.
-regulates sleep cycle and consciousness as well( vivid dreams)
Cerebellum
Helps control posture, balance, and the coordination of voluntary movements (motor coordination)
limbic system
hypothalamus, hipocampus, amygdala, pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
regulates variety of drives (hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and temperature) (located under the thalamus)
-controls pituitary gland
Thalamus
Processes and transmits movement and sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
formation, organization, and storage of new memories as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories
Amygdala
- fear center. involved in processing emotion and survival responses (coordinates flirght or fight responses)
Reticular formation
contributes to attention and conscious state by filtering incoming stimuli and selectively relaying information
Neuroplasticity
is the brain’s ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain
Neurogenesis
the process that create new neurons
Prefrontal lobotomy
Operation that removes parts of the brain to control behavior, disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain
Hemisphereoctomy
Brain surgery used to treat behavioral disorders or illnesses, removal of one of the halves of the brain(treat epilepsy)
Electroencephalograph(EEG)
Measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp(wave patterns that indicate sleep, seizures, tumors)
Computer tomography (CAT scan)
Two-dimensional x-ray photographs from different angels and using to create three-dimensional representation of organ (structural problems)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging( MRI)
Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce three dimensional detailed images of the brain( better resolution than CAT)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain by extremely sensitive devices
Functional MRI
Measuring Brain Activity, detects the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan):
Uses trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain (glucose)
Nervous system
Body’s communication network that consists of all nerve cells
Central nervous system
Coordinates the actions and interactions of the brain & spinal cord, body’s main control center
Peripheral nervous system
Includes the sensory nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- it can be motor pathway( from brain to muscle) or sensory pathway( from senses to brain)
Somatic nervous system
Includes the nerves that transmit signals from your brain to the skeletal muscles to allow voluntary movement (motor pathways)
Sensory Neurons “Afferent Neurons”
Carry information from the nerves to the central nervous system
Efferent neurons
motor neurons, carry signals away from central nervous system to initiate an action
Reflex arc
Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the information instead of passing it on to the brain
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates involuntary and unconscious actions
Breathing, blood pumping through veins, digestion, heartbeat, work of other internal organs
Somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement
Sympathetic
Emergency response system, If something alarms, enrages, or challenges you “Fight, Flight or Freeze”
Parasympathetic
Functions to calm the person “Rest & Digest
Neuron
Specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals in the brain that carry messages from one neuron to another
Glial cells
Cells that provide physical support for the neurons to grow on and around (glue)
Dendrites
Part of neuron, branch-like extensions that receives electrical messages from other cells
Receptor sites
Receive signals, receptor sites are the lock where the neurotransmitter molecule fits into
Soma
The cell body of the neuron responsible to maintain the cell and keep the neuron functional
axon
Fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings, its job is to carry messages out to other cells
Myeling sheats
wraps around the axon to protect the nerve fiber from damage, insulating sheath, speeds up the neural message
Axon terminals
tips at the end of the axon, send signal to other neurons
Action potential
neuron sends information. part of the neural membrane opens to allow positively charged ions inside the cell and negatively charged ions out.
Resting potential
neuron is charge and ready to fire
All or none principle
When a neuron fires it is at full strength or not at all, strength of action potential is constant
Refractory period
Period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential (recovery time)
Excitatory neurotransmitters
cause neurons to fire (more action potentials)
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
prevent neurons from firing (less action potentials)
Aceticholine
Principal neurotransmitter involved in thought and memory. In the body, it is involved in activating muscle action.
Serotonin
Connected to feelings of well-being and happiness (regulation of emotion)
Dopamine
Pleasure Chemical of the Brain” Released into the pleasure centers of the brain, related to reward and motivation
-inhibitory
Norepinephrine
flight or fight responses to danger
GABA
calming the central nervous system
Glutamate
involved with most normal operations of the brain including thinking, long-term memory, and learning
-excitatory
Endorphins
Relieve pain and stress, “Brain’s natural aspirin”, feelings of pleasure/euphoria
- inhibitory
Endocrine system
system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to maintain the body’s homeostasis
Hormones
chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream
Glands
endocrine organs that produce and secrete hormones
Pituitary gland
Regulates stress, growth and reproduction, including some parts of pregnancy and childbirth
Pineal gland
Located in the brain, near the back, secrets a hormone called melatonin which regulates sleep and body rhythms
Thiroid gland
Located inside the lower neck, secretes a hormone called thyroxin that regulates metabolism, growth, and appetite
Adrenal glands
Two glands on top of each kidney involved in stress response
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
Gonads
sex glands. ovaries in the female and the testis in the male, secret estrogen and testosterone.
Oxytocine
Powerful hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction
Cortisol
Body’s Main Stress Hormone, works with certain part of your brain to control your mood, motivation, and fear
Nature
genetics
Nurture
environment
Twin study
a research design that investigates the traits of identical and fraternal twins to determine the extent to which traits are genetically or environmentally controlled
consciousness
is a state of being aware of your environment and you’re own mental activity
Nonconscious Level
body’s automatic biological processes, like breathing and heartbeat, which are controlled by brain but outside consciousness
Priming
When exposure to a stimulus beneath conscious awareness influences a response to other stimuli
Non rem sleep, stage 1
Transition period between wakefulness and sleep, drifting in & out of sleep
-Alpha waves
Non rem stage 2
body temperature will drop, heart rate slows, breathing more shallow and irregular
-Theta waves
Non rem stage 3-4
Slow-wave sleep, delta waves, begin to appear more often
Rem sleep
period of sleep that is most associated with dreaming
-sleep paralysis
Sleep spindles
bursts of neural activity that take place in stage 2 of NREM sleep and may be important for memory consolidation
Sleep deprivation
Occurs any time that you get less sleep than your body needs.
Rem rebound
Lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation
Micro sleep
uncontrollable, brief episode of sleep which can last anywhere from a single fraction of a second up to 10 full seconds
Jet lag
Temporary condition caused by rapid travel across time zones and may leave an individual experiencing fatigue, insomnia, nausea, or other symptoms as a result of the circadian rhythm disruption
Insomnia
The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
Sleep apnea
the affected person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning
Sleep walking
The purposeful movement of walking that occurs in a sleep-like state
Night terrors
person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking full
Psychoactive drug
chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods
Agonist
mimic neurotransmitter
Antagonist
Block neurotransmitters
Depresants
Slow the activity of the central nervous system. They reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with a person’s judgment, motor activity, and concentration
Alcohol
Sedative Hypnotics Drugs
Opioids
Stimulants
Substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking
Caffeine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Hallucinogens
A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations
