Unit 4 Flashcards
Albert Bandura
Conducted the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that aggression is learned by observing and modeling others
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food, thereby discovering classical conditioning
B.F Skinner
the behaviorist most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory
Edward Thorndike
behaviorist known for the law of effect, which served as the foundation for Skinner’s operant conditioning theory
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Behaviorists
Believed psychology should be the scientific study of observable behavior & all learning occurs through interactions with the environment
Classical conditioning
the process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus which naturally produces a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus such that the new stimulus produces the same response
Neutral stimulus
Produces no effect until paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus (UCS) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditioned response or reflex
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
: The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned response
The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
Acquisition
initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened
Higher-Order Conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
Extincion
The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
Refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
Stimulus generalization
The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
Stimulus discrimination
The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Taste aversion
The avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food
Edward thorndike’s law of effect
According to this principle, actions that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are less likely to be repeated
Operant conditioning
Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior
Shaping
Procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired complex behavior
Reinforcement
any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior, response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something
negative reinforcement
The removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior, response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant
Positive punishment
Presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows
negative punishment
Occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs
Schedules of reinforcement
pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
Desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement
The response is reinforced only part of the time
fixed ratio
Response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
ex: Getting a snack after reading every 30 pages
Variable ratio schedules
Response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
ex: slot machines
Fixed interval schedules
The first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed
Ex:A student receives grades at the end of every semester.
Variable interval schedules
: Occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Ex:Your teacher gives pop quizzes
Observational learning
The process of learning through watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed.
Mirror neurons
nervous system cells that fire both when an organism itself is doing a behavior and also when observing another organism doing the behavior
Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment
demonstrated that young children would imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult mode
Token reinforcer
any secondary reinforcer that is tangible, such as money or gold stars given by a teacher
Latent learning
One can learn something but not show the behavior right away
Organisms form a cognitive map, a mental representation that allows an organism to acquire, store, and recall information in a real or spatial environment
Insight learning
A sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you” “Light Bulb”
The premack principle
A person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform the more desirable activity as a consequence
Self efficacy
the extent to which a person believes him-or herself capable of success in a particular situation
Learned helplesness
organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman and dog experiment)
