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Ap psychology key terms > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

the process of thinking or mentally processing information such as concepts, language, and images

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

When we think about our thinking, active control and awareness of our own thinking

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3
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or the best example of a specific concept or category

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4
Q

Convergent thinking “logic”

A

Type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single, well-established answer to a problem (limits creativity)

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5
Q

Divergent thinking “imagination”

A

exploring many possible solutions (creativity)

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6
Q

Trial and error

A

A trial-and-error approach to problem-solving involves trying a number of different solutions and ruling out those that do not work

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7
Q

Algorithm

A

Set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem

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8
Q

Heuristics

A

An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem
(mental shortcuts)

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9
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype

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10
Q

Availability heuristics

A

Basing decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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11
Q

Insight learning

A

A sudden and often new realization of the solution a problem, such as suddenly seeing a cause and effect relationship

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12
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Studied chimps trying to get bananas that were out of reach

Most of the time Kohler observed the chimps were unproductive and upset, then suddenly they placed boxes on top of one other and climbed on them to reach the bananas

The chimps had sudden insight on how to solve the problem

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13
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency people have to only use solutions that have worked in the past rather than looking for alternative ideas

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14
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to view problems only in their customary manner

Prevents people from fully seeing all of the different options that might be available to find a solution

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15
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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16
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to hold on to beliefs even when evidence proves those beliefs to be wrong

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17
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill, or judgment

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18
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are

After an event, people often believe that they knew the outcome of the event before it actually happened

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19
Q

Framing

A

The process of presenting or posing an issue or question, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments people make

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20
Q

Anchoring effect

A

Favoring the first information offered

People have a tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information they learn

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21
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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22
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest meaningful unit of sound in a language

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23
Q

Morpheme

A

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

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24
Q

Semmantics

A

the set of rules that we use to derive meaning from words and sentences

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25
Syntax
the way in which words are put together to form sentences
26
Grammar
set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing
27
Babbling stage
Beginning at four months of age the repetition of syllables that represent an infant’s first attempt at speech
28
One word stage
Ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words
29
Two word stage
ge two, a child speaks mostly two-or three word statements “Get Ball”
30
Full sentences
by ages six to ten, children speak in full sentences and master syllable stress patterns to distinguish among words
31
Skinner's theory of language
Skinner believed children learn language through operant conditioning—that children receive “rewards” for using language in a functional manner
32
Noam Chomsky, Inborn Universal Grammar:
All human languages contain nouns, verbs and adjectives, and humans are born with innate ability to acquire language, and even a genetic predisposition to learn grammatical rules
33
Wernickes's area
Region of the brain that is important for language development Responsible for the comprehension of speech
34
Broca's area
Production of Speech. functions to help you put words together fluently to speak more than one word at a time, forming complete sentences
35
Intelligence
The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situation or solving problems
36
Binet-simon intelligence scale
Binet and colleague Theodore Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities (basis for modern intelligence tests)
37
IQ
William Stern created formula to compute one’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) by taking the mental age (provided by the exam) divided by the chronological age (actual age of child) multiplied by 100
38
Standfort binet intelligence test
Lewis Terman modified test for the United States, audience of varied ages and broader range of subjects
39
G factor
By Charles Spearman. eneral intelligence factor which accounts for a large amount of the variability in IQ scores
40
Factor analysis
a statistical method that identifies common causes of variance in different tests
41
Fluid intelligence
ability to reason think flexibly (diminish with adult aging)
42
Crystallized intelligence
accumulation of knowledge, facts/skills (increase with age)
43
Theory of Multiple Intelligences:
By howard gardner and describes eight distinct types of intelligence based on skills and abilities
44
Savant Syndrome
Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
45
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg’s theory that proposes three distinct intelligences (analytical, creative, and practical), which work together to make up your overall intelligence
46
Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS)
Intelligence test that was first published in 1955 and designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents
47
Flynn effect
IQ scores have been rising worldwide
48
Achievement tests
designed to measure person’s level of skill/knowledge in a specific area
49
Aptitude test
Designed to assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is able to learn or do, often used to assess academic potential or career suitability
50
Reliability “Consistency”
tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
51
Validity
The degree in which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
52
Predictive
test accurately forecasts performance on a future measure
53
Standardization
a process by which scores for a population are placed into set intervals to allow for easy analysis of test results
54
Normal distribution
Bell-shaped curve in which the majority of scores lie near or around the average score
55
Intellectual disability
Score two or more standard deviations below the norm on a traditional IQ test (70 IQ or below)
56
Intellectually gifted
Very few individuals (approximately 0.2%) receive a score of more than 145 (indicating a very high IQ)
57
Memory
learning that has persisted over time and information that has been stored and can be retrieved
58
Recall
Being able to access the information without being cued (fill in the blank test without word bank)
59
Recognition
Identifying information after experiencing it again (multiple choice test)
60
Relearning
The process by which we learn something for the second time. This learning process often occurs faster than the first time (study for cumulative final)
61
Information processing model
Model of memory, compares our mind to a computer in a series of three stages: encoding, storage, retrieval
62
encoding
The process of putting information into the memory system
63
storage
The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
64
Retrieval
The calling back of stored information on demand when it is needed
65
Atkinson-Shiffrin Three-Stage Model of Memory
Three different memory systems characterized by time frames Sensory Memory (three sub groups) Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory
66
Sensory memory
xternal events from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived
67
Iconic memory
Sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic memory, duration of less than a second
68
Echoic memory
The branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system
69
Haptic memory
The branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch
70
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure of appearance Structural-encode physical qualities Phonemic-encode sound
71
Manteinance rehearsal
Straight repeating of information in order to memorize it to prolong its presence in STM , can increase the length of time information can be stored to about thirty seconds
72
Chunking
Process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units
73
short term memory
The capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a brief period of time (about 20 to 30 seconds)
74
Baddeley’s Working Memory:
System in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process
75
memory span
Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short-term memory
76
Procedural memory
how to perform a specific task
77
explicit memory
Information that you have to consciously work to remember
78
semantic memory
memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge
79
Episodic memory events
long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences
80
Prospective memory
Remembering to complete a task in the future
81
Long term potentiation
Strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron (Kandel & Schwartz)
82
Forgetting curve
the exponential loss of information shortly after learning it (Hermann Ebbinghaus)
83
Retrograde amnesia
cannot remember things that happened before the event that caused their amnesia
84
Anterograde amnesia
Condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event
85
Serial possition effect
When we try to retrieve a long list of words we usually recall the last words (recency effect) and first words best (primary effect), forgetting the words in the middle
86
Encoding failure
occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place (without effort, many memories never form)
87
Proactive interference
older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
88
retroactive interference
newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
89
Flashbulb memories
Vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
90
Elizabeth Loftus (1944)
Extensive research on memory construction and false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate
91
Misinformation effect
exposed to misleading information we tend to misremember
92
Method of loci
Association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
93
context dependent memory
Easier Recall of information while in the same “context” of environment in which it was acquired
94
State dependent memory
Memories that are triggered or enhanced by a person's current mood because of the relationship to memories formed when you were in a similar state

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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