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Ap psychology key terms > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Structuralism ,
Father of Modern Psychology, First Psychology Experiment

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2
Q

Who is William James

A

Functionalism, Father of American Psychology, wrote Principles of Psychology

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3
Q

Who is Sigmund Freud?

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective, Father of Psychoanalysis, Psychosexual Stages, Dream Analysis

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4
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Used introspection to develop an understanding of how the mind works (the structure)
By William Wundt and Edward Bradford Titcher

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

William James developed this idea in concert with Darwin’s theory of evolution (survival of the fittest!)
Assumed that our ability to think must be a direct evolution that developed to help us survive and pass on our genes.

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7
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

Mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose, they aid in survival & reproduction (natural selection)

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8
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

emphasizes that behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind and childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality

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9
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

Focus on observable behaviors and learned behaviors., People/Animals are controlled by their environment

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10
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, language, and learning (internal processes of the mind) influencing behavior

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11
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Emphasizes the human capacity for choice and growth, Positive outlook on people related to their motivation to fulfill their potential

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12
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Focuses on society and culture in terms of our behavior and shaping cognition, Eclectic Approach

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13
Q

Biological perspective

A

The influence of genetics and brain chemistry on thinking and behavior (physical and biological processes)

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14
Q

Biopsychosocial perspective

A

Eclectic (combining) Approach, Multiple perspectives included, Links between genetics and environment

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15
Q

Descriptive research

A

These studies are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured

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16
Q

Case study

A

An observation technique in which one individual or just a few individuals are carefully studied in-depth

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17
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

describes behavior in its most natural state without interference or intervention

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18
Q

Survey method

A

Self-report data, relies on the individual’s own report of their symptoms, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes

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19
Q

Random Sampling

A

gives every member of a population an equal chance of being selected for the sample (use a random number generator to select)

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20
Q

Observer effect

A

When people know they are being watched, they are less likely to behave naturally

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21
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of independent variables.

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22
Q

Correlational studies

A

Research used to see if two variables are related and to make predictions based on the relationship

23
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The direction of the relationship between variable and its strength,
No Correlation=0. Correlation coefficient close to 0=weaker, Closer to 1=stronger (+/-)

24
Q

Positive correlation

A

variables move in same direction, ex: If one variable increases, the other also increases

25
Q

Negative correlation

A

variables move in opposite directions,

26
Q

Independent Variable

A

the factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment (the cause)

27
Q

Dependent variable

A

the behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment (the effect)

28
Q

Experimental group

A

is the treatment group

29
Q

Control group

A

is the comparison group (no treatment)

30
Q

Confounding variable

A

is a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

31
Q

Operational definition

A

: A definition of the variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured in order to be able to replicate the study.

32
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly (by chance) assigning participants to the control group or experimental group to help establish cause and effect.

33
Q

Experimenter bias

A

a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

34
Q

Placebo effect

A

seems to be a “real” medical treatment – but isn’t (i.e. sugar pill)

35
Q

Single blind procedure

A

e is when participants don’t know if they get the treatment or placebo,

36
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

is when neither the researcher or participants know who received the treatment or placebo

37
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

describes sets of data

38
Q

Inferential statistics

A

draw conclusions about the sets of data

39
Q

Mean

A

average value, add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are

40
Q

Median

A

middle number of the set scores

41
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently occurring score in a data set

42
Q

Range

A

Represents the span of the scores in a data set (estimate of variation)

You find the range by subtracting the lowest score in a data set from the highest score

43
Q

Standard deviation

A

ow scores vary around the mean score

44
Q

Statistical significance

A

How likely that a result occurred by chance (p value less than 0.05)

45
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Predicts there will not be significant relationship

The goal of research is to disprove the null hypothesis, which in inferential statistics, predicts the results cannot be applied to a larger population

46
Q

Ethics

A

(Rules of Conduct) American Psychological Association (APA) establishes ethic codes

47
Q

Institutional review board

A

review proposals for research, approval needed for experiment

48
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

A

ensures that the highest animal welfare standards are maintained

49
Q

Informed Consent

A

all subjects given necessary information to decide to participate in study, or not

50
Q

Debriefing

A

experimenter tells the subject more information about the study’s purpose and procedures after the study is completed

51
Q

Discontinuing participation

A

Participant is capable of discontinuing participation at any time

52
Q

Confidentiality

A

Any data collected in the experiment should remain completely confidential

53
Q

Deception

A

Misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful

54
Q
A

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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