Unit 1 Flashcards
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
Structuralism ,
Father of Modern Psychology, First Psychology Experiment
Who is William James
Functionalism, Father of American Psychology, wrote Principles of Psychology
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Psychoanalytic Perspective, Father of Psychoanalysis, Psychosexual Stages, Dream Analysis
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals
Structuralism
Used introspection to develop an understanding of how the mind works (the structure)
By William Wundt and Edward Bradford Titcher
Functionalism
William James developed this idea in concert with Darwin’s theory of evolution (survival of the fittest!)
Assumed that our ability to think must be a direct evolution that developed to help us survive and pass on our genes.
Evolutionary perspective
Mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose, they aid in survival & reproduction (natural selection)
psychodynamic perspective
emphasizes that behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind and childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality
Behavioral perspective
Focus on observable behaviors and learned behaviors., People/Animals are controlled by their environment
Cognitive perspective
Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, language, and learning (internal processes of the mind) influencing behavior
Humanistic perspective
Emphasizes the human capacity for choice and growth, Positive outlook on people related to their motivation to fulfill their potential
Sociocultural perspective
Focuses on society and culture in terms of our behavior and shaping cognition, Eclectic Approach
Biological perspective
The influence of genetics and brain chemistry on thinking and behavior (physical and biological processes)
Biopsychosocial perspective
Eclectic (combining) Approach, Multiple perspectives included, Links between genetics and environment
Descriptive research
These studies are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured
Case study
An observation technique in which one individual or just a few individuals are carefully studied in-depth
Naturalistic observation
describes behavior in its most natural state without interference or intervention
Survey method
Self-report data, relies on the individual’s own report of their symptoms, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes
Random Sampling
gives every member of a population an equal chance of being selected for the sample (use a random number generator to select)
Observer effect
When people know they are being watched, they are less likely to behave naturally
Hawthorne effect
Individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of independent variables.
Correlational studies
Research used to see if two variables are related and to make predictions based on the relationship
Correlation coefficient
The direction of the relationship between variable and its strength,
No Correlation=0. Correlation coefficient close to 0=weaker, Closer to 1=stronger (+/-)
Positive correlation
variables move in same direction, ex: If one variable increases, the other also increases
Negative correlation
variables move in opposite directions,
Independent Variable
the factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment (the cause)
Dependent variable
the behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment (the effect)
Experimental group
is the treatment group
Control group
is the comparison group (no treatment)
Confounding variable
is a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results
Operational definition
: A definition of the variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured in order to be able to replicate the study.
Random assignment
Randomly (by chance) assigning participants to the control group or experimental group to help establish cause and effect.
Experimenter bias
a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
Placebo effect
seems to be a “real” medical treatment – but isn’t (i.e. sugar pill)
Single blind procedure
e is when participants don’t know if they get the treatment or placebo,
Double-blind procedure
is when neither the researcher or participants know who received the treatment or placebo
Descriptive statistics
describes sets of data
Inferential statistics
draw conclusions about the sets of data
Mean
average value, add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are
Median
middle number of the set scores
Mode
the most frequently occurring score in a data set
Range
Represents the span of the scores in a data set (estimate of variation)
You find the range by subtracting the lowest score in a data set from the highest score
Standard deviation
ow scores vary around the mean score
Statistical significance
How likely that a result occurred by chance (p value less than 0.05)
Null hypothesis
Predicts there will not be significant relationship
The goal of research is to disprove the null hypothesis, which in inferential statistics, predicts the results cannot be applied to a larger population
Ethics
(Rules of Conduct) American Psychological Association (APA) establishes ethic codes
Institutional review board
review proposals for research, approval needed for experiment
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
ensures that the highest animal welfare standards are maintained
Informed Consent
all subjects given necessary information to decide to participate in study, or not
Debriefing
experimenter tells the subject more information about the study’s purpose and procedures after the study is completed
Discontinuing participation
Participant is capable of discontinuing participation at any time
Confidentiality
Any data collected in the experiment should remain completely confidential
Deception
Misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful
