Unit 8 Flashcards
what is the DSM-5 about 8.1
Lists symptoms, descriptions, and other criteria for diagnosing a psychological disorder
What qualifies an abnormality as a disorder 8.1
A clinical disturbance in an individuals, cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour
What is the term “dysfunctional” used for 8.1
Used to indicate disturbance
How is a major depressive disorder diagnosed 8.1
By identifying 5 specific symptoms that are distressing, irrational, or maladaptive
What is the M’naughten rule 8.1
Determining if the defendant was able to tell right from wrong with their state of mind.
How does each approach to psychology view mental illness 8.2
The behaviour approach views mental illness as caused by the environment and the consequences of behaviours.
The psychoanalytical approach views mental illness as unconscious conflicts that create anxiety and emotional disruption.
The cognitive approach views mental illness as troubling thoughts that create outcomes that can be dysfunctional.
The biological approach views mental illness is caused by genetics, anatomy, and biochemistry.
What is the medical and biopsychosocial model of treating mental illness 8.2
Medical: Treating mental illness is caused through physical problems like any other illness and treating it as such through medicine and treatments.
Biopsychosocial: view biological, psychological, and social, culture factors as the cause of mental illness.
Why do we label disorders 8.2
Makes understanding disorders simpler to understand and research the disorder better
What are neurodevelopmental disorders 8.3
A category of disorders that emerge during childhood and adolescence. Typically involve academic, personal, social, and occupational area
What is the Autism spectrum disorder 8.3
A disorder that affects our communication and behaviour. Symptoms appears around the age of two.
Why is autism called a “spectrum disorder” 8.3
Because Autism has significant variations in symptoms both in severity and type.
What is attention, deficit, hyperactive disorder (ADHD) 8.3
A disorder that involves persistent patterns of attention difficulties, hyperactive behaviour, and impulsivity. Range range from manageable to very severe
What are the affects of Schizophrenia spectrum 8.3
It is a spectrum disorder that affects people’s thinking, feeling, and behaving. People with Schizophrenia often seem as if they have lost touch with reality.
What is Schizophrenia 8.3
To be diagnosed with Schizophrenia you need to demonstrate at least two symptoms in the duration of at least two months.
What are the five symptoms diagnosed with Schizophrenia 8.3
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behaviour, reduced emotional expression, and initiative
What are depressive disorders 8.4
It is a general category. There is no specific disorder called depression. When people think of depression, they are most likely thinking of major depressive disorder, the most common psychological disorder in the world.
How is major depressive disorder (MJD for short for easier typing) diagnosed 8.4
Must have at least five symptoms, with one of them being a depressed mood or withdrawal from activities
Consistently depressed mood, withdrawal from activities, weight changes, appetite changes, insomnia or hypersomnia, constantly purposely actions, doing nothing, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, concentration problems, indecisiveness, and frequent thoughts of death
What is bipolar disorder 8.4
It involves moving from depressive episodes to manic episodes.
Depressive episodes have similar symptoms to MJD
Manic episodes evolve excess energy, heightened emotions, and even delusional behaviour
What is anxiety 8.4
Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress and the unknown or unpredictable.
What are anxiety disorders 8.4
When normal anxiety doesn’t go away as it should and begins to cause dysfunction is someone’s life. the most common category of disorders.
What are specific phobias 8.4
An extreme major fear of a certain object or situation lasting and severe enough to cause significant distress or impairment
What is social anxiety disorder 8.4
Fear or anxiety about social situations where others may observe or judge the person. The fear itself is embarrassment, being negatively judged, or showing anxiety
What is Panic disorder 8.4
Sudden repeating panic attack of intense fear
What is Agoraphobia 8.4
Fear or anxiety of being in situations where there is no help and escape is difficult
What is generalized anxiety disorder
Excessive, untrollable, and dysfunctional worry or anxiety over extremely long periods - at least six months. Often worries are multiple things
What is obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (OCD) 8.4
A category of disorders that have symptoms similar to anxiety disorders. Risk factors include genetics, environment, and brain structure or function
What are obsessions 8.4
They are thoughts or urges that are persistent and troubling, causing distress or anxiety. Thoughts are often intrusive and difficult to ignore
What are compulsions 8.4
They are actions that are taken, often repetitively, to reduce or control obsessive thoughts. Often involve strict, repetitive rules.
What are trauma and stressor-related disorders (TSRD for short for me) 8.5
These disorders are a response to an overwhelmingly stressful or traumatic event. Some people may develop psychological disorders because of TSRD while some don’t
What is the difference between Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder 8.5
Acute stress disorder lasts up to around a month, while PTSD can last more than a month to even years.
What are the Symptoms of PTSD
Reliving the event in some way, like memories, dreams, dissociation, and flashback to the vent. Avoiding cues for the event. Cognitive and mood changes. Arousal issues.
Is treatable and is relatively common
What are dissociative disorders 8.5
They involve the disruption or separation of memory, consciousness, identity, motor control, behaviour, emotion, or perception.
Often the most complex and difficult to diagnose
What is dissociative identity disorder (DID) 8.5
People typically have different personalities or variations, but they are comprised to form their overall personality
DID is when people have an incomplete personality because the normal variations have become disconnected from one another
What are the symptoms of DID
- The disruption of identity in which the person experiences at least 2 distinct personality states
- Gaps in memories of typical events, personal information, or traumatic events that are more significant than typical forgetting
What is dissociative amnesia 8.5
Involves the memory loss of personal information, events, or even a period of time that should be resilient to forgetting. Often the person dealing with this disorder doesn’t realize it until directly confronted about it.
What is depersonalization disorder 8.5
It is the recurring depersonalization or derealization episodes.
What is somatic symptom and related disorders 8.5
An intense focus on physical symptoms that cause distress and dysfunction. This produces a change in the body
What is conversion disorder 8.5
When mental factors convert into physical symptoms, the symptoms do not fit into neurological diseases that could otherwise explain them.
Often symptoms appear after some significant stress or trauma
What is Illness anxiety Disorder 8.5
When the person becomes extremely worried about getting seriously Ill, which may lead to constant fear and anxiety. the constant fear and anxiety on these symptoms may actually lead to the person developing them.
What is somatic symptom disorder 8.5
Occurs when an individual has one or more actual physical symptoms that are unexplained
What is Factitious disorder 8.5
Occurs when a person fakes symptoms for attention or maybe to be cared for. They often have extensive research oh whatever condition they fake to make their illness seem more realistic. They often harm or inject themselves with things to actually develop these symptoms.
what is personality (review) 8.6
An individual’s differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. adolescence and early adulthood’s main goal is to develop a sense of identity and establish a personality.
What is a personality disorder 8.6
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates from the person’s culture, is encompassing and inflexible. Happens in adolescence and early adulthood. The deviation is stable over time and leads to distress or impairment.
What are the three clusters of personality disorders 8.6
Cluster A: Contains Schizoid, Schizotypal, and paranoid personality disorders.
Cluster B: contains antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders.
Cluster C: contains avoidant, dependant, obsessive, and compulsive personality disorders.
What are the three definitions of the clusters of personality disorders 8.6
A: Personality disorders share features of Relationship disruptions due to peculiar, suspicious, or detached behaviours.
B: Personality disorders share features of Dramatic or erratic behaviours, intense emotions, extreme impulsivity, theatrics, promiscuousness, or law-breaking
C: Personality disorders share features of Encompassing anxiety as a personality trait
What are the causes and treatments of personality disorders 8.6
Causes: Genetics in family history, underlying vulnerability, childhood trauma, and verbal abuse
Treatments: reducing distress, anxiety, and depression. Modify problematic patterns of thinking and behaving.
Changing maladaptive behaviors.
what is anorexia nervosa 8.6
A feeding and eating disorder that involves persistent energy intake restrictions, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and disturbances in self-perceived weight or shape.
What is Bulimia Nervosa
A feeding and eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensation for binge eating to prevent the weight gain.
What is binge eating Disorder 8.6
A feeding and eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating not followed by the purge cycles. These episodes occur at least once per week for three months or more.
What are the causes of feeding and eating disorders
Increased anxiety, perfectionism, and obsessive thoughts lead to coping mechanisms like restricting or binge eating or purging. This leads to changes in the body that increase the chances of denial, rigidity, and depression.
How is a person diagnosed with substance and addictive disorders 8.6
- Takes larger amounts of the drug for a longer time than meant to.
- Not being able to cut down or stop
- Spent time procuring the drug or recovering from use.
- cravings
- Using substances, even when dangerous
- Development of withdrawal symptoms
these are the ones I think are the most important
What is psychotherapy and Ex. 8.7
Treatment of psychological disorders and emotional issues by psychological rather than physiological means. Examples are talk therapy and counseling
What is Psychopharmacology and Examples8.7
Treatment of psychological disorders and emotional issues using prescribed medications rather than talk therapy. Examples are
Who is a psychologist 8.7
Someone with a doctoral degree in psychology specialising in clinical and counselling. Licensed in mental health counselling.
Who is a Psychiatrist 8.7
A medical doctor specialising in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders. They have been to medical school, and usually specialize in the biological approach.
What is Psychoanalysis 8.8
The process or treatment of bringing psychological conflicts from the unconscious into the conscious awareness.
What is the process of Psychoanalysis 8.8
- The patient is encouraged to talk while the therapist listens neutrally
- The therapist analyzes words for patterns and resistance
- The therapist then helps the patient work through resistance
What is transference 8.8
This happens as the patient works through resistance
Positive: When the patient projects good feelings and relief onto the therapist
Negative: When the patient projects negative feelings and anxiety from repressed memories onto the therapist
What does it mean to Analyze or interpret in psychoanalysis 8.8
When the therapist suggests hidden or underlying reasons for dreams, emotions, memories, and unconscious motives for behaviours.
What is client-centred therapy 8.8
Based on the humanistic approach
Focuses on the therapist as a equal trying to get the patient to become their best most optimal self
What is positive regard 8.8
A client-centered therapy techniques that involves the unconditional acceptance and valueing of the patient matter what they have done or who they are.
This involves active listening, genuineness, and empathy
What is behavioural therapy 8.8
To identify problematic behaviour and use techniques of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social learning to help the patient learn new adaptive ways of behaving.
What is exposure therapies and an example 8.8
It is a behavioural technique involving learning new conditioned responses to the same unconditional stimulus.
For example, to get rid of being afraid of spiders, we replace the response of fear with relaxation.
Define all behavioural techniques 8.8
Systematic desensitization: Conditioning a relaxation effect with a fearful stimulus
Flooding: Exposing the patient to the fear directly
Aversive conditioning: to associate an undesirable behaviour with a bad stimulus to prevent them from doing it
What is Token Economy 8.8
The behavioural technique: to reinforce the behaviour with “tokens” that can be exchanged for times or privileges
What are cognitive therapies
Based on the cognitive approach of psychology. The basis is that abnormal behaviour and thoughts are caused by faulty or irrational thinking. The therapist works to identify irrational thoughts and teach adaptive ways of thinking.
What is Cognitive-behavioral therapy 8.8
Looks at how thoughts and feelings and how they reciprocally react to influence behaviour.
Treated by challenging irrational thoughts and behaviours to teach them a new way of behaving that is positive
What is rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT) 8.8
The way people feel is influenced by how they think, not by associations. The goal of REBT is to stop people from thinking irrationally which causes misery and issues and get them to think rationally
What is the ABC model of RBT (causes of misery in a model of a three clover) and examples 8.8
A: Activating event. Example: getting rejected
B: Beliefs stemming from the event. Example: feeling worthless from getting rejected
C: Consequences from the event and beliefs. Example: avoiding people to avoid getting rejected
How do we treat REBT 8.8
The therapist’s job is to target the patients beliefs and challenge them. This causes rational thinking which leads to healthy emotions
What is Becks Cognitive Therapy (CBT) 8.8
Asks how factors relate to creating negative thought patterns of depression.
To treat it, therapists interpret events to create a new, positive self-schema.
What is Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) 8.8
The same treatment and thoughts as CBT execpyt it combines mindfulness and emotional regulation allow with the treatments of CBT.
What is biomedical therapy
Based on the medical model and biological approach of psychology.
Assumes abnormal behaviours and thoughts are the results of organic or physical issues.
What is Electroconvulsive there (ECT) 8.9
When patients are sedated and have electrical currents passed through the brain to activate the nervous system to treat severe depression when other treatments do not work.
Treatment sessions happen multiple time slowly less frequently
What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 8.9
When an electromagnetic coil is placed on the forehead, it sends quick pulses to parts of the cranium. This activates neurons in the prefrontal cortex, which activates specific parts of the nervous system to treat psychosis or suicidality.
What is Meta-analysis 8.10
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
What is spontaneous remission 8.10
Symptoms of disorders go away naturally with no therapy.
However, those who undergo therapy are more likely to improve and do so more quickly with less risk for relapse
What types of therapy work best for disorders 8.10
Psychodynamic therapy works best for depression and anxiety.
Behavioural therapy works best with phobias, OCD, marital problems, and sexual dysfunctions.
Cognitive-Behavioural therapy works best with anxiety, PTSD, and depression.
How should practices be formatted 8.10
Practices should be evidence-based, have the most updated research, have clinical expertise, and server the patient’s needs and preferences.
Whats does therapy offer 8.10
Hope to be better
New perspectives on situations, behaviour and problems
Empathetic, trusting, and caring relationships
What is the Biopsychosocial model 8.10
Treatments of biology, psychology, and social context in combination lead to mental health.
