Unit 3 Flashcards
What is the basis or question Gestalt psychology asks 3.1
What are the sum parts of our perceptions as our mind puts our sensations together into a pattern
What is the law of simplicity/good figure 3.1
It is the law that our minds makes objects in environments appear as simple as possible.
What is the first principle of Gestalt 3.1
We sort our vision by highlighting what we pay attention or figure to and making it stand out from the surroundings or ground.
What are the names of the five grouping principles of Pragnanz or grouping 3.1
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Connectedness
closure
what are the definitions of the five groupings principles of Pragnanz or grouping 3.1
Proximity: how we group and see things on how close they are together.
Similarity: How we group and see things on how similar they are.
Continuity: how we group and see things on their patterns
Connectedness: how we group and see things on which directions their moving or if their connected
Closure: How our mind doesn’t need to seen an entire image to perceive it.
what is depth perception 3.1
the ability to perceive the distance of an object in sight in three dimensions
What are cues and their two types 3.1
Cues to help us perceive the distance or depth
Binocular cues: cues that require two eyes
monocular cues: cues that require one eye
What is sensory transduction 3.1
Outside stimulus activates sense receptors transforming the stimulus into a sensation
what is the absolute threshold
The smallest amount of energy needed to produce a sensation about 50% of the time
What is sensory adaptation 3.1
Diminished sensory awareness due to constant stimulation above the threshold
What is the difference threshold 3.1
The smallest amount of change in a stimulus that will produce a change in sensation
What is signal detection theory 3.1
How much stimulation is necessary to meet the absolute threshold for awareness
What is Bottom-up processing 3.2
When we first experience the sensation, then we process and perceive it. (blind experience)
What is top-down processing 3.2
first, we perceive and process the experience, and then we sense the stimulus. (Expectation experience)
What is a perceptual set 3.3
Our tendency to perceive some parts of sensory data and ignore others
What are schemas 3.2
The mental frameworks for organizing our understanding of the world around us to guide our perceptual sets
What does the retina do 3.3
It’s where light waves coming into the eye are transduced into a sensation to be perceived as an image.
What are the rod cells and where are they located 3.3
They are located at the very back of the eyeball and are sense receptors for parts of images in black and white
What are cone cells and where are they located 3.3
They are located at the very back of the eyeball and are sense receptors of vision in color
What are bipolar cells 3.3
Neurons that only have one axon and one dendrite which receive stimulus from the rod and cone cells and then stimulate the ganglion cells
What are ganglion cells 3.3
The ganglion cells contain axons that wind together to form the optic nerve.
What is the primary visual cortex 3.3
It is where the optic nerve transfers information to be interpreted in the occipital lobe
what are the two properties of wavelength 3.3
Wavelength: the distance between each wavelength. Determines colour of the image formed
Amplitude: the height of each brainwave. determines intensity of color of the image formed
What are the two stages of the theory of color vision 3.3
the trichromatic and opponent-process theory
What is the trichromatic theory 3.3
Cones cells work in teams of three to make up all colours in the visual spectrum based on the strength or frequency of the signal when light hits the retina.
what is the opponent-process theory
When visual information is transferred to ganglion cells from the cones, some neurons are excited and some are inhabited creating afterimages.
Why do people have colour blindness 3.3
The lack of functioning cone cells. People cannot distinguish excitatory and inhibitory signals or have unresponsive cones.
What is a physical illusion 3.4
It distorts the scale of an image and is based on the manipulation of monocular cues for depth perceptions
What is a physiological illusion 3.4
When the visual system gets overstimulated. Happens from the excitement or fatigue of photoreceptors (cone cells) or feature detectors in the visual cortex.
What is a cognitive illusion 3.4
A Manipulation of how we think and interpret the world through.
What is the frequency and how does it affect sounds 3.5
It is how often the sound wave waves occur. It affects the pitch of the sound.
What is the amplitude and how does it affect sounds 3.5
It is how high the sound waves are. It affects how loud the sounds are
What is required for hearing to occur 3.5
Sound waves: sounds emitted by something
A medium: an air, solid, or liquid
An receiver: the ear itself
What does the pinna do 3.5
It gathers sound waves in the air, concentrates it and guides them through our ear canal
What are the three components of the ear 3.5
the inner, middle, and outer ear
What is the function of the middle ear 3.5
The sound waves travel through the year canal into our middle ear, hitting three bones and causing them to vibrate and pass onto the inner ear.
What is the function of the middle ear 3.5
The sound waves travel through the year canal into our middle ear, hitting three bones and causing them to vibrate and passed onto the inner ear.
What is the function of the inner ear 3.5
The vibrations of the three bones from the inner ear are passed on to the cochlea vibrating the cilia, which transforms the vibrations into energy and passes it on to the auditory nerve, which tne passes it on to the auditory cortex.
What is sensorineural hearing loss and how does it happen 3.5
It is the diminished hearing of loudness, clarity, and range of sounds heard. It happens when the cilia or auditory nerve is damaged. Happens in both ears.
What is conductive hearing loss and how does it happen 3.5
When sound waves cannot progress normally through the outer or middle ear or maybe both. Happens when the outer ear is plugged or the middle ear is damaged. Happens in both or one ear.
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses 3.6
Both respond to the molecules in the food we eat and the air we breathe
What are the five taste sensations 3.6
Sweet, bitter, sour, salty. umami
How does sensory interaction affect unique perceptions of our taste and smell 3.6
Interaction between taste and smell, and vision and touch, produce different perceptions of food and drinks different from the original taste
What are the four body senses 3.7
Touch (pressure, temperature)
Pain
Vestibular sense (bodily balance and movement)
Kinesthetic sense (position and movement of skeletal joints)
