Unit 7 Flashcards
What is motivation 7.1
A need or desire that energizes and directs a behaviour toward a goal
what are primal and secondary needs 7.1
Primary needs: Needs for us to survive
Secondary needs: emotional and non-neccessary needs
What is the drive reduction theory of motivation 7.1
A state of tension or arousal caused by biological/physical needs. This Uncomfortable state causes us to engage in drive reducing behaviours
What are drive reducing behaviours 7.1
When we are motivated to engage in behaviour that reduce drives to return our body to homeostasis
What is the incentive theory of motivation 7.1
When we are pulled by incentives to behave in a certain way
What are positive and negative incentives 7.1
positive: preforming an action for a reward
Negative: preforming a action to avoid a type of punishment
What is the overjustification effect (review) 7.1
As extrinsic motivation increases, intrinsic motivation goes down.
What is the arousal theory of motivation 7.1
People are motivated to take actions that either increase or decrease their arousal levels in order to achieve and maintain a personal optimum level of arousal
What are three types of arousal and example 7.1
Physical/biological: climbing a mountain or watching tv
Emotional: gossip and drama or staying out of it
Intellectual: Learning new things or being lazy
What is Yerkes- Dodson Law 7.1
The relationship between arousal and performance. The hypothesis is that too much or little arousal can impede performance.
What happens to the lateral when stimulated 7.2
Promotes eating behaviour through the release of orexin
what happens to the Ventromedial when stimulated 7.2
It promotes satiety or fullness
What is the approach-approach conflict. give an example 7.2
When you have two very desirable outcomes but are having trouble choosing between which
What happens to the Ventromedial when stimulated 7.2
It promotes satiety or fullness
what is the avoidance-avoidance conflict. Give an example 7.2
When you have to choose between two undesirable outcomes
What is the approach-avoidance conflict. Give an example 7.2
When one choice has both desirable and undesirable consequences
What is the double approach-avoidance conflict. Give an example 7.2
When you have to choose between two options both with desirable and undesirable outcomes
What is James Lang’s theory of emotion? Give an example 7.3
That stimulus leads to emotional arousal which then leads to an emotional experience
What is Schachter-singer’s two-stage theory of emotion 7.3
That stimulus leads to physical arousal, which leads to cognitive appraisal, which ends with an emotional experience
What is Cannon-bards theory of emotion and an example 7.3
That stimulus leads to both Physical and emotional arousal at the same time but also independently.
What is lazurus’s theory of emotion and an example 7.3
That stimulus leads to cognitive appraisal and end with both physical and emotional arousal.
What is cognitive appraisal 7.3
When we think about the stimulus before making a conclusion
Can emotions be automatic and examples 7.3
Yes, fear, anger, and surprise.
What is the high road and low road path to an emotional experience 7.3
High: When a stimulus is sent through the thalamus which is processed by the proper cortex and will then be sent to the amygdala to be an emotional experience. Contains emotions that need processing like guilt, happiness, and love.
Low: when the stimulus is sent through the thalamus and still processed by the cortex, but there is an immediate response activating the amygdala which gives us an emotional experience. Contains emotional reactions that are immediate like anger and fear.
What is stress 7.4
A condition that the human system responds to changes within it’s normal balanced state
What are a stressor, eustress, and distress 7.4
Anything perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding.
Eustress is good stress
Distress is bad stress
What is Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (think to when you study) 7.4
It is divided into three stages:
Alarm reaction: when the stressor upsets the homeostasis
resistance: when the body fights back by adjusting to the stress
Exhaustion: When the body is no longer able to resist the stressor
What is personality 7.5
The characteristic pattern of someone’s thoughts, feelings, and acting
What is heritability 7.5
It indicates the variability in the trait in a population that is due to genetic differences among people.
Measuring how much of a difference/variation in a person’s DNA can explain the differences in their traits.
0 Means genetics explain nothing about the trait
1 Means genetics explain everything about the trait
What is libido 7.6
Psychic energy people are born with that enables urges society says is unappropriate
What are the three structures of personality
The Id: It is the primal, unconscious, pleasure seeking portion that seeks immediate gratification
The Superego: It is the conscience, the thing that restrains the Id through guilt and socialization.
The Ego: The conscious operates in reality with both the superego and the Id. It works with delayed gratification.
What are the five stages of development of personality 7.6
The oral stage. Lasts 18 months when infants get pleasure from oral stimulation.
The anal stage. Lasts 18 months to 3 years when infants get pleasure from learning to control bowel movements.
The phallic stage. Last 3 years to 6 when infants get pleasure from genital stimulation and begin to question their sexuality
The latency stage. Last 6 years to the onset of puberty. Develop sexual feelings and fixation yet remain hidden
The genital stage. Begins at puberty, and children now seek pleasure from sexual behaviour
What is the inferiority complex 7.6
The concept that Humans constantly strive for the feeling of superiority. Comes from the psychodynamic approach
What are defence mechanisms 7.6
When the ego protects us from the constant demands of the Id and Superego. This protects us from anxiety
Is all behaviour studied or only partial parts, explain 7.7
Only observable behaviour is studied. Internal factors are not, they are in the “black box”.
What are the social cognitive theories 7.7
The theory that personality is a combination of behaviours, conditions, environmental conditions, and cognitive factors
What was Rotter’s expectancy theory 7.7
As we go through different situations in life, we begin to be able to predict them. We act accordingly to our predictions.
what is the locus of control 7.7
The belief that we have the ability to affect our outcome of a situation
What is bandura’s social learning theory 7.7
That personality is learned through social situations
what is observational learning 7.7
when we learn a action by watching someone else do it
What is self-efficacy 7.7
The belief in yourself be be successful or unsuccessful at a certain task. Comes from the cognitive approach
What is reciprocal determinism (further elaboration?) 7.7
The interaction of your mental state, behaviour, and the environment all of which can affect others.
What is self-actualization 7.8
When people grow and strive to reach their full potential
What is positive regard 7.8
Positive regard is when we crave approval from others. If that positive regard aligns with our own self-evaluations, then we are in congruency becoming a part of our self-concept.
what is congruency and incongruency 7.8
If positive regard aligns with our own self-evaluations, then we are in congruency, becoming a part of our self-concept.
If the positive regards don’t align with our self-views we are in incongruency
What are the three basic assumptions of personality traits 7.9
- Personality traits are relatively stable in indvividuals and thus predictable
- Traits are stable across situations as well
- Everyone has different amounts of a certain trait
What are cardinal, central, and secondary traits 7.9
Cardinal: Rare traits so strong and dominant that any person would describe that person only by their cardinal trait.
Central: Strong straits that don’t entirely define us
Secondary: traits we possess, but their not the first thing people think of when picturing us.
What is factor analysis 7.9
Merging traits that are typically found together into dimensions. Different for Many psychologists
Explain Hans Eysenck factor analysis
The two dimensions he found are
Emotional Vs. stability
Introversion Vs. Extroversion
What are the four main sources of information when describing someone’s personality 7.10
Life outcomes - Education, marital status
Situational tests - Reactions to different kinds of events
Oberser ratings - Judgement to the person made to those close to them
self-reports - responses to personality tests
