Unit 6 Flashcards
What is a genotype and a phenotype 6.1
Genotype: Genetic characteristic
Phenotype: Physical characteristic
What are teratogens 6.1
Any environmental agent that can reach the embryo and fetus during the prenatal phase and cause harm. Ex. alcohol and Tobacco.
What are Erikson’s psychosocial conflicts in development part 1 6.2
Trust Vs. mistrust
Autonomy Vs. Shame/doubt
initiative Vs. Guilt
Industry Vs. inferiority
What are the three major styles of attachment 6.2
Security - distressed
Resistance - very distressed
avoidance - not at all distressed
What are the four parenting styles 6.2
Authoritative - high demand and warmth
Authoritarian - Low warmth and high demand
Permissive- high warmth and low demand
Uninvolved - low demand and warmth
How do you write an FAQ 6.2 VERY IMPORTANT REMEMBER THIS
Identify - First, you underline the term or somehow highlight the main term you a referencing and separate each term into a paragraph with spacing between them.
Define - Define the term. This provides clarity.
Apply - Write your paragraph as if the terms were not explained yet a person with no knowledge of AP psychology could still understand it. Do not use the same words as the questions. Use synonyms.
Schema Assimilation 6.3
Using representation to interpret stimulus. Ex a child calling a cat a dog because it has four legs
What is schema accommodation
Altering representations to incorporate new information. Ex. learning to differentiate between a bog and a cat by their meow and bark.
What is the relationship between schema Assimilation stimulus generalization 6.3
When the child calls a cat a dog because they both have both legs (schema assimilation) is an example of stimulus generalization as dogs and cats are different stimuli but the child reacts the same to both.
What is the relationship between schema accommodation and stimulus discrimination 6.3
The child now differentiates the cat and the dog by their meow and bark (schema accommodation). This is stimulus discrimination, as the same stimulus (having four legs) produces a different reaction
What are Piaget stages of cognitive development 6.3
Sensorimotor - this happens at birth to age and is the development of object permanence.
Preoperational - happens at age 2 to 7 and develops the theory of mind and symbolic thought.
Concrete operational - happens at age 7 - 12 and is the development of logic.
Formal operational - from years 12 for the rest of life and is the development of abstract thought
what is egocentrism 6.3
The inability to see something from another person’s point a view. Within the preoperational stage of development
What is the theory of mind 6.3
A sense of what other people are thinking. leads to empathy. Within the preoperational stage of development
What is symbolic thought 6.3
Being able to string together letters to represent words and the have the ability to imagine and have objects standing for other things. Within the preoperational stage of development
What is logical thinking (has to do with objects) 6.3
Reversibility - being able to return objects and number back to their original state.
Conservation - Objects maintain their properties despite changes of appearance.
Classification - Grouping objects based on multiple traits.
Seriation- arranging objects based on specific classification
What happens in adolescence and early adulthood part 2 6.4 - 6.5
Identity Vs. Role confusion
Intimacy Vs. Isolation
Generativity Vs. stagnation
Ego integrity Vs. despair
What was James Marcia’s identity statuses (identity) 6.4
Exploration of identity and commitment to it
Foreclosure - low exploration and high commitment
Achievement - High exploration and commitment
Diffusion - low exploration and commitment
Moratorium - high exploration and low commitment
What is adolescent egocentrism 6.4
The expectation that others are constantly watching you
What is the imaginary audience 6.4
An adolescent’s perception that others are constantly judging them
Personal fable 6.4
An adolescent’s belief that they are special and nothing can affect them
what happens to the mind as we age 6.5
Biophysical changes in our mind make us loss our memory.
What are the three levels of Lawrence Kohlbergs moral development 6.6
Level1. Pre - conventional morality: right and wrong determined by rewards and punishments
Level2. conventional morality: Views of other matters. Avoidance of blame and seeking approval
Level3. Post - conventional morality: Abstract notions of justice. rights of others can override obedience to laws and rules.
What is social desirability bias 6.6
When you respond to something in a way that you think will impress the other person
What is internal validity and generalizability 6.6
It is accurancy
What are the first three stages of morality 6.6
Stage 1.1: Punishment and obedience. Whatever leads to punishment is wrong.
Stage 2.1: The right way to behave to be rewarded
Stage 3.2: Good intentions. Behaving in a way that conforms to the good behaviours that others expect from us
What are the first three stages of morality 6.6
Stage 1.1: Punishment and obedience. Whatever leads to punishment is wrong.
Stage 2.1: The right way to behave to be rewarded
Stage 3.2: Good intentions. Behaving in a way that conforms to the good behaviours that others expect from us
What are the last three stages of morality 6.6
Stage 4.2: Obedience to authority. Importance of doing one’s duty.
Stage 5.3: Difference between moral and legal rights. Recognition that rules should sometimes be broken
Stage 6.3: Individual principles of conscience. Takes account of likely views of everyone affected by the morale decision
What are gender roles 6.7
Expected behaviours for females and males; based on cultures
What are gender stereotypes 6.7
A schema a child develops about the behaviours based on their gender
what is the gender schema theory 6.7
Children actively form schemas or mental categories for masculinity and femininity to recognize their own role and select activities that match that role.
What is the gender schema theory 6.7
Children actively form schemas or mental categories for masculinity and femininity to recognize their own roles and select activities that match that roles.
