Unit 8

Question 1

active listening

Answer 1

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy. (p. 712)

Question 2

biomedical therapy

Answer 2

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology. (p. 709)

Question 3

client-centered therapy

Answer 3

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) (p. 712)

Question 4

eclectic approach

Answer 4

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. (p. 709)

Question 5

insight therapies

Answer 5

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses. (p. 711)

Question 6

interpretation

Answer 6

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. (p. 710)

Question 7

psychoanalysis

Answer 7

Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences–and the therapist’s interpretations of them–released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (p. 709)

Question 8

psychodynamic therapy

Answer 8

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. (p. 710)

Question 9

psychotherapy

Answer 9

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. (p. 709)

Question 10

resistance

Answer 10

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. (p. 710)

Question 11

transference

Answer 11

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). (p. 710)

Question 12

unconditional positive regard

Answer 12

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (p. 712)

Question 13

aversive conditioning

Answer 13

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). (p. 718)

Question 14

behavior therapy

Answer 14

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. (p. 716)

Question 15

cognitive therapy

Answer 15

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. (p. 720)

Question 16

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 16

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). (p. 723)

Question 17

counterconditioning

Answer 17

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. (p. 717)

Question 18

exposure therapies

Answer 18

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. (p. 717)

Question 19

family therapy

Answer 19

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. (p. 724)

Question 20

group therapy

Answer 20

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction. (p. 723)

Question 21

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Answer 21

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions. (p. 721)

Question 22

systematic desensitization

Answer 22

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. (p. 717)

Question 23

token economy

Answer 23

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. (p. 719)

Question 24

virtual reality exposure therapy

Answer 24

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. (p. 718)

Question 25

regression toward the mean

Answer 25

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. (p. 730)

Question 26

resilience

Answer 26

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. (p. 737)

Question 27

therapeutic alliance

Answer 27

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem. (p. 735)

Question 28

antianxiety drugs

Answer 28

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. (p. 741)

Question 29

antidepressant drugs

Answer 29

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors–SSRIs.) (p. 741)

Question 30

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 30

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. (p. 741)

Question 31

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 31

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. (p. 743)

Question 32

lobotomy

Answer 32

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. (p. 746)

Question 33

psychopharmacology

Answer 33

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. (p. 740)

Question 34

psychosurgery

Answer 34

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. (p. 746)

Question 35

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 35

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. (p. 745)