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Ap Pysch > Unit 7 Developmental > Flashcards

Unit 7 Developmental Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract reasoning

A

our ability to quickly reason with information to solve new, unfamiliar problems, independent of any prior knowledge.

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2
Q

Abusive parent

A

To act on the part of a parent or caregiver that. results in death, serious physical or emotional. harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or. failure to act that presents an imminent risk of. serious harm.

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3
Q

Accommodation

A

(2) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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4
Q

Adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood,
extending from puberty to independence.

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5
Q

Animism

A

he belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics, such as intentions, desires, and feelings.

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6
Q

Artificialism

A

The belief that anything that exists must have been made by a conscious entity, such as God or a human being.

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7
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

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8
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

It places high expectations on children with little responsiveness. As an authoritarian parent, you focus more on obedience, discipline, control rather than nurturing your child.

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9
Q

Authoritative parent

A

In this parenting style, the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children.

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10
Q

concrete operations

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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11
Q

conservation

A

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of
concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms ofobjects.

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12
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

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13
Q

death-deferral

A

People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to

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14
Q

Developmental norms

A

the typical skills and expected level of achievement associated with a particular stage of development.

Cognitive, communication, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive skills

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15
Q

Difficult babies

A

Intense and unpredictable babies

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16
Q

Down syndrome

A

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

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17
Q

Early maturers

A

when a child begins to exhibits puberty signs before the age of 8yrs old for girls and before the age of 9yrs for boys.

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18
Q

Easy babies

A

Cheerful, relaxed, predictable babies

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19
Q

egocentric

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty
taking another’s point of view.

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20
Q

Empty nest

A

The distress a parents feels when a child leaves home

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21
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and ab-
normal facial features.

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22
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Activities or skills that require coordination of small muscles to control small, precise movements, particularly in the hands and face.

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23
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

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24
Q

formal operations

A

(about age 12) during which peo-
ple begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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25
Q

Gender development

A

How men and women differ psychologically: identity, expression, roles

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26
Q

gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

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27
Q

Gender stereotypes

A

preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by, women and men.

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28
Q

Gross motor skills

A

those which require whole body movement and which involve the large (core stabilising) muscles of the body to perform everyday functions

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29
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

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30
Q

Identity achievement

A

Developing an understanding of one’s identity

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31
Q

Identity foreclosure

A

Premature commitment to an identity

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32
Q

Identity moratorium

A

Exploring one’s indenting to make a commitment

33
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form strong at-
tachments during an early life critical period.

34
Q

Insecure attachment

A

characterized by a lack of trust and a lack of a secure base

35
Q

Late-maturer

A

if there are no signs of puberty by: 13 years in girls, or if girls show other signs of puberty but haven’t had their first period by 16 years. 14 years in boys

36
Q

Mid-life crisis

A

an emotional crisis of identity and self-confidence that can occur in early middle age.

37
Q

Moral developement

A

the process whereby people form a progressive sense of what is right and wrong, proper and improper.

38
Q

Neglectful parent

A

a style of parenting where parents don’t respond to their child’s needs or desires beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter

39
Q

Novelty preference procedure

A

infants focus on the face rather than the body first when an image is approached

40
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist
even when not perceived.

41
Q

Ostracism

A

exclusion from a society or group

42
Q

Permissive Parent

A

Kids do not have many responsibilities and are allowed to regulate their behavior and the majority of their choices. When a parent is permissive, they look at their child as equal rather than children of a paren

43
Q

Post conventional level

A

the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals

44
Q

preoperational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

45
Q

Preconventional level

A

morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards.

46
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.

47
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and
external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

48
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person
becomes capable of reproducing.

49
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral,
anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the
id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

50
Q

Psychosocial crisis

A

turning points in a person’s relationships and feelings about themselves.

51
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as
the knee-jerk response.

52
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

53
Q

Secure attachment

A

an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver.

54
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

55
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

56
Q

Separation anxiety

A

a condition in which a child becomes extremely anxious when separated from parents or even at imagined separation from parents

57
Q

sexual orientation

A

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation).

58
Q

Slow- to-warm-up babies

A

distinguished by their cautious nature and wait and see attitude

59
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

60
Q

Strange situation

A

a standardized observational procedure involving short separations and reunions between an infant and his caregiver. Each successive phase of the procedure is designed to be increasingly stressful to the infant to induce attachment behaviors.

61
Q

Temperament

A

an aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity

62
Q

Teratogens

A

factor that can cause malformation and abnormalities within a developing embryo/fetus

63
Q

Theory of mind

A

the ability to understand the mental states of others and to recognize that those mental states may differ from our own

64
Q

violation of expectation

A

disturbing event interfering with a previously established mental state that has afforded a firm belief or confident feeling.

65
Q

Visual cliff

A

an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies’ depth perception

66
Q

Zone of proximal

A

range of abilities an individual can perform with guidance but not on their own

67
Q

Kohlberg

A

Pre-conventional
1) Obedience or punishment orientation
2) Self-interest Orientation
Conventional
3)Social conformity Orientation
4) Law and order Orientation
Post-conventional
5) Social Contract Orientation
6) Universal Ethics Orientation

68
Q

Erikson

A

Pyschosocial stages
1) Trust vs. Mistrust - Feeding comfort
2)Autonomy v Shame and doubt- toilet training, dressing
3) Initiative v. Guilt- Exploration/play
4) Industry Vic. Inferiority- School/activities
5) Identity vs. Role confusion- Social relationships/identity
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
7) Generativity vs. stagnation- work and parenthood
8) Ego Identity vs. Despair- Reflection on life

69
Q

Freud

A

5 psychosexual stages
1) Oral-sucking,swallowing
2)Anal- control of bladder and digestive…
3)Phallic- masturbation
4) Latency- little/no sexual motivation
5) Gential- sexual intercourse

70
Q

Piaget

A

Stages of Development
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operations
- Formal operations

71
Q

Ainswoth

A

Attachment theory, strange situation procedure

72
Q

Babinski

A

Plantar reflex in infants

73
Q

Gilligan

A

Theory of moral development
- women score lower on scales of morality (generally)

74
Q

Harlow

A

Rhesus monkey experiment, importance of caregiving and companionship

75
Q

Kubler-Ross

A

Stages of Grief
1) denial
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance

76
Q

Lorenz

A

Adaptation and strength of instinct to determine animal behavior

77
Q

Marcia

A

Identity formation, identity crises that help develop sense of self

78
Q

Vygotsky

A

Influence of culture on child’s growth and development

Ap Pysch (14 decks)

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