Unit 7 Developmental Flashcards
Abstract reasoning
our ability to quickly reason with information to solve new, unfamiliar problems, independent of any prior knowledge.
Abusive parent
To act on the part of a parent or caregiver that. results in death, serious physical or emotional. harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or. failure to act that presents an imminent risk of. serious harm.
Accommodation
(2) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
Adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood,
extending from puberty to independence.
Animism
he belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics, such as intentions, desires, and feelings.
Artificialism
The belief that anything that exists must have been made by a conscious entity, such as God or a human being.
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
Authoritarian parenting
It places high expectations on children with little responsiveness. As an authoritarian parent, you focus more on obedience, discipline, control rather than nurturing your child.
Authoritative parent
In this parenting style, the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children.
concrete operations
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of
concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms ofobjects.
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
death-deferral
People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to
Developmental norms
the typical skills and expected level of achievement associated with a particular stage of development.
Cognitive, communication, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive skills
Difficult babies
Intense and unpredictable babies
Down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Early maturers
when a child begins to exhibits puberty signs before the age of 8yrs old for girls and before the age of 9yrs for boys.
Easy babies
Cheerful, relaxed, predictable babies
egocentric
in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty
taking another’s point of view.
Empty nest
The distress a parents feels when a child leaves home
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and ab-
normal facial features.
Fine motor skills
Activities or skills that require coordination of small muscles to control small, precise movements, particularly in the hands and face.
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
formal operations
(about age 12) during which peo-
ple begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Gender development
How men and women differ psychologically: identity, expression, roles
gender role
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
Gender stereotypes
preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by, women and men.
Gross motor skills
those which require whole body movement and which involve the large (core stabilising) muscles of the body to perform everyday functions
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.
Identity achievement
Developing an understanding of one’s identity
Identity foreclosure
Premature commitment to an identity
Identity moratorium
Exploring one’s indenting to make a commitment
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong at-
tachments during an early life critical period.
Insecure attachment
characterized by a lack of trust and a lack of a secure base
Late-maturer
if there are no signs of puberty by: 13 years in girls, or if girls show other signs of puberty but haven’t had their first period by 16 years. 14 years in boys
Mid-life crisis
an emotional crisis of identity and self-confidence that can occur in early middle age.
Moral developement
the process whereby people form a progressive sense of what is right and wrong, proper and improper.
Neglectful parent
a style of parenting where parents don’t respond to their child’s needs or desires beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter
Novelty preference procedure
infants focus on the face rather than the body first when an image is approached
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist
even when not perceived.
Ostracism
exclusion from a society or group
Permissive Parent
Kids do not have many responsibilities and are allowed to regulate their behavior and the majority of their choices. When a parent is permissive, they look at their child as equal rather than children of a paren
Post conventional level
the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Preconventional level
morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards.
Prospective memory
remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and
external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person
becomes capable of reproducing.
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral,
anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the
id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Psychosocial crisis
turning points in a person’s relationships and feelings about themselves.
reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as
the knee-jerk response.
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
Secure attachment
an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver.
self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Separation anxiety
a condition in which a child becomes extremely anxious when separated from parents or even at imagined separation from parents
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation).
Slow- to-warm-up babies
distinguished by their cautious nature and wait and see attitude
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
Strange situation
a standardized observational procedure involving short separations and reunions between an infant and his caregiver. Each successive phase of the procedure is designed to be increasingly stressful to the infant to induce attachment behaviors.
Temperament
an aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity
Teratogens
factor that can cause malformation and abnormalities within a developing embryo/fetus
Theory of mind
the ability to understand the mental states of others and to recognize that those mental states may differ from our own
violation of expectation
disturbing event interfering with a previously established mental state that has afforded a firm belief or confident feeling.
Visual cliff
an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies’ depth perception
Zone of proximal
range of abilities an individual can perform with guidance but not on their own
Kohlberg
Pre-conventional
1) Obedience or punishment orientation
2) Self-interest Orientation
Conventional
3)Social conformity Orientation
4) Law and order Orientation
Post-conventional
5) Social Contract Orientation
6) Universal Ethics Orientation
Erikson
Pyschosocial stages
1) Trust vs. Mistrust - Feeding comfort
2)Autonomy v Shame and doubt- toilet training, dressing
3) Initiative v. Guilt- Exploration/play
4) Industry Vic. Inferiority- School/activities
5) Identity vs. Role confusion- Social relationships/identity
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
7) Generativity vs. stagnation- work and parenthood
8) Ego Identity vs. Despair- Reflection on life
Freud
5 psychosexual stages
1) Oral-sucking,swallowing
2)Anal- control of bladder and digestive…
3)Phallic- masturbation
4) Latency- little/no sexual motivation
5) Gential- sexual intercourse
Piaget
Stages of Development
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operations
- Formal operations
Ainswoth
Attachment theory, strange situation procedure
Babinski
Plantar reflex in infants
Gilligan
Theory of moral development
- women score lower on scales of morality (generally)
Harlow
Rhesus monkey experiment, importance of caregiving and companionship
Kubler-Ross
Stages of Grief
1) denial
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance
Lorenz
Adaptation and strength of instinct to determine animal behavior
Marcia
Identity formation, identity crises that help develop sense of self
Vygotsky
Influence of culture on child’s growth and development
