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Ap Pysch > Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

absolute threshold

A

the ability to de t stimuli. The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. (p. 156)

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2
Q

bottom-up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. (p. 152)

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3
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment. (p. 154)

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4
Q

difference threshold

A

The difference in intensity and change in perceiving stimuli

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5
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. (p. 154)

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6
Q

perception

A

What our brain does with neural messages

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7
Q

priming

A

When exposure to certain stimuli influences our behaviors. This is unconscious

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8
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. (p. 155)

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9
Q

selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Our brain decides what to focus on

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10
Q

sensation

A

The raw data that hits sensory senses

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A

We get used to ongoing stimulus. It becomes less notable.

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

Helps us understand when someone can and can not detect stimuli

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13
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. (p. 157)

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14
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by stimuli that we have already experienced and our expectations

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15
Q

transduction

A

Flipping energy from the outside world to neural energy

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16
Q

Weber’s law

A

The way we detect differences in stimuli is based on the original signal

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17
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

This is very controversial. It’s perception without sensation. Ex: telepathy
—No scientific evidence

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18
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. (p. 167)

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19
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. (p. 163)
Expectations, contexts, and emotion influence perception.
—this is top-down

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20
Q

accommodation

A

The process of the lens focusing on far and near objects

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21
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there. (p. 173)

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22
Q

cones

A

This is in the photoreceptors and has to do with color and acuity

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23
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. (p. 175)

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24
Q

fovea

A

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster. (p. 173)

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25
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. (p. 172)

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26
Q

intensity

A

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude. (p. 172)

27
Q

iris

A

Pared with the pupil and it controls pupil size

28
Q

lens

A

Focuses light rays on the retina

29
Q

opponent-process theory

A

We see color in term of opposing colors
—red v. Green, blue v yellow, black v white

30
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. (p. 173)

31
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

32
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. (p. 172)

33
Q

retina

A

Converts energy light energy, transduction
—there are three layers

34
Q

rods

A

In photoreceptors, detects peripheral vision and low light

35
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

36
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

A

the theory that the retina contains three different color cones: red, green, and blue. Each are sensitive to different wavelenghts

37
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. (p. 184)

38
Q

color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. (p. 187)

39
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. (p. 184)

40
Q

figure-ground

A

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). (p. 183)

41
Q

gestalt

A

The whole is more meaningful thank the parts/pieces

42
Q

grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. (p. 183)

43
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. (p. 185)

44
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

We can adapt our perception

45
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change. (p. 186)

46
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. (p. 185)

47
Q

retinal disparity

A

When your brain takes information from both hemispheres and focuses them

48
Q

visual cliff

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. (p. 184)

49
Q

audition

A

the sense or act of hearing. (p. 194)

50
Q

cochlea

A

Auditory transduction, tiny hair cells that respond to stimuli

51
Q

cochlear implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea. (p. 198)

52
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. (p. 197)

53
Q

frequency theory

A

Length of wavelength determines pitch

54
Q

frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). (p. 195)

55
Q

inner ear

A

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. (p. 195)

56
Q

middle ear

A

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. (p. 195)

57
Q

pitch

A

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. (p. 195)

58
Q

place theory

A

Explains how we hear high pitches (basilar membrane)

59
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. (Also called nerve deafness.) (p. 197)

60
Q

embodied cognition

A

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments. (p. 211)

61
Q

gate-control theory

A

Explains why we touch where we feel pain. This can reduce the perception of pain.

62
Q

kinesthesia

A

[kin-ehs-THEE-see-a] the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. (p. 209)

63
Q

sensory interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. (p. 210)

64
Q

vestibular sense

A

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. (p. 209)

Ap Pysch (14 decks)

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