Unit 7B Thinking And Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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3
Q

Heuristics

A

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
-> faster, error prone

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4
Q

Availability heuristic

A

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic

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5
Q

Insight

A

sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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6
Q

Intuition

A

effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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7
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

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8
Q

Functional fixedness

A

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

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9
Q

Fixation

A

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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10
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past

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11
Q

Overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct–to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

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12
Q

Belief bias

A

tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid

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13
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed; affects decisions

Ex bumped vs smashed

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14
Q

Convergent thinking/reasoning

A

mode of thinking used for problems that have just one correct solution-> narrowing of available solutions

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15
Q

Divergent thinking/reasoning

A

mode of thinking that is original, inventive, and flexible-> expands number of possible solutions

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16
Q

Language

A

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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17
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound units

18
Q

Syntax

A

Sentence structure

19
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words

Ex: ice cream vs custard

20
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Process of judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they match particular prototypes

21
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or best example of a category

22
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Hypothesis that language determines the way we think

23
Q

Working memory

A

Newer understanding of short term memory that involves active, conscious processing of info

24
Q

Spacing effect

A

Tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long term retention

25
Q

Language

A

Spoken, written, or signed words to communicate meaning

26
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

27
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area that controls language expression

28
Q

Creativity

A

Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

29
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Brain area that controls language comprehension

30
Q

Recall

A

Measure of memory in which person must retrieve info learned earlier

31
Q

Storage

A

Retention of encoded info over time

32
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space and time

33
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences one can consciously know

34
Q

Implicit memory

A

Process of retaining info independent of conscious recollection

35
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after they have been discredited

36
Q

Morphemes

A

Fundamental forms of language that have meaning in context (goat vs goats-> implies number)

36
Q

Syllogism

A

If these two ideas are true, then the third must also be true
A=B, B=C, then A=C

36
Q

Sensory memory

A

Brief, immediate recording of sensory info in the memory system

36
Q

Concept

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or ideas

37
Q

Recognition

A

Measure of memory in which the person need only identify items perilously learned

38
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

39
Q

Heuristic

A

Thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently