Chapter 5/10 Flashcards
Consciousness
Being aware of surroundings
Circadian rhythm
Natural/bio sleep clock (when to sleep/get up)
– occurs throughout the day i.e. After lunch
Alpha waves
Slows physical processes (ex holding head up)
Sleep stage one
See, feel, and taste things
– very light, easily woken, move a lot
Sleep stage two
Sleep spindles
– no activity to sudden activity bursts
Sleep stage 3
Delta waves
– deepest sleep, difficult to wake
– makes us feel most tired
(Then back to stage 2)
REM sleep
“Rapid eye movement”
Improved brain activity to recuperate
-body at paralysis, brain activity at height
-physiological development
Why sleep?
Explain: Protects Recuperate Make memories Creative thinking (inspires) Growth/development
How sleep aids bodily development
Limbic system releases glands
– pituitary glands release hormones= growth
Insomnia
Don’t sleep, body refuses to
Narcolepsy
Fall asleep during high alert (even standing)
Sleep Apnea
Don’t breathe periodically during sleep (snoring)
Night terrors
Childhood memories, very extreme/violent
– hallucinations that follow to consciousness
Freud’s wish fulfillment
Our personality comes from violent/sexual subconscious drives
- can’t act on when conscious (in society)
- our dreams express drives (no ego/esteem)
How long does each sleep stage last?
90-120 minutes
(Why we dream) Information processing
Dream about things we’ve done recently
Activation Synthesis
R.E.M. sleep forms images that blend together to make a scene
Physiological function
Preservation/creation or neural pathways
Function of dreams
Cognitive development
Dream of item we see daily
– develops understanding of it
Hypnosis
Power of suggestion
– perceptions/beliefs/ideas taken in
Ex: hypnotherapy (addictions/phobias)
Sigmund Freud
“Father of modern psych”
- personality comes from unconscious drives (sexual/violent)
- result of conflicts between super ego/id
Personality structure (iceberg)
Id- pleasure principle, focuses on immediate gratification/survival (present at birth)
Ego- reality principle, considers societal standards to bedsore between the two
Superego- represents right and wrong, our conscience
List the 5 psychosexual stages
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Phallic stage
Recognize other sex and their parts
Oedipus complex– “mama’s boy”
Electra complex– girls realize don’t have guy part
Latency stage
Revert back to other things
- same sex relationships, school, sports
Repression
Banish past feelings, don’t remember them
Regression
Retreat to earlier stages
Reaction formation
Subconsciously do the opposite
– ex. Mean to you because they love you
Projection
Disguises thoughts by attributing them to others
Rationalization
Self justify actions
Ex. Buy ugly car but good mileage
Displacement
Divert sexual/aggressive actions to more acceptable object (anger out on something else)
Ex. Punch person vs pillow
Sublimation
Unacceptable beliefs to socially acceptable activity
Ex. Going insane vs anger through dance
Denial
Subconsciously deny actions, choices, and thoughts
List Freud’s defense mechanisms
Repression Regression RF Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Denial
Carl Jung (NF)
Collective conscious
- aided Freud in findings
Alfred Adler (NF)
Inferiority complex- find sense of inferiority but find ways to offset
(Being short= big personality)
Karen Horney (NF)
Tested females using psychoanalysis
Toward- excessive need for approval
Against- excessive need for power
Away- desire to be independent
Superiority complex
Person concentrates on their own need to succeed versus needs of others
Collective unconscious
Contains info passed from generations for growth and survival
Carl Rogers (humanistic)
Self concept- beliefs one has about themselves
Unconditional- love for others without conditions being met
Conditional- only show love when requirements met
Actualizing tendency
Drive within that pushes to reach fullest potential
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of needs (humanistic)
Personality= self growth
List hierarchy of needs in order
Physiological Safety Love and belonging Self esteem Self actualization (content with who we are)
Traits
Characteristic patterns/predispositions to behave
Gordon Allport
One of first theorists to research role of traits in personality
Cardinal- define person, dominate
Central (source)- everyone has of varying degree
Secondary (surface)- easily observed, doesn’t actually describe who they are
Raymond Cattell
Factor analysis- math formula showing how traits predict/relate to other traits
MBTI or 16PF
16 basic personality types test
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
Big 5
- building blocks of personality
CANOE
Conscientiousness (organized) Agreeableness (trust) Neuroticism (calm) Openness (imaginative) Extraversion (affectionate)
Trait perspective
Characteristic pattern of behavior
- disposition to feel or act
Hans Eysenck
3 dimensions of biological traits:
Extraversion vs introversion
Neuroticism vs emotionally stable
Psychoticism vs welfare for others
Social cognitive perspective
Belief that interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors affect personality
Objective personality test
Direct questions with specific answers
MC, T/F
MMPI
Most widely used objective test
- empirically derived (from data/ past exp)
- for abnormal behavior
Albert Bandura (SC)
Reciprocal determinism
- personality is result of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors
Self-efficacy
Albert Bandura
- beliefs/opinions someone has about themselves
Julian Rotter
Expectancy theory
- our expectations of the outcome of situation
External locus- controlled by outside factors
Internal locus- can control own fate
Martin Seligman
Learned helplessness
- repeatedly attempt something, keep failing, give up
Positive psych
- optimism, positive attitude, successful
Spotlight effect
Think people pay attention to us more than they actually do
Self serving bias
Believe what we do is more important than others
Individualism
Personal successes
Collectivism
Based on group success
Type A personality
Controlling, strict, organized, easily stressed
Type B personality
Not rushed, disorganized, relaxed
Libido
Psychic energy in Id
Thanatos
In Id, responsible for aggression
Eros
Energy that preserves life in Id
Projective tests
Designed to project/reveal unconscious thoughts
Rorschach tests
Inkblots
TAT tests
Ambiguous scenes which patients then tells story and report what they saw
Personal control
Determine own outcome
Personality
an individual’s patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Humanistic perspective
psychological approach that emphasizes free will, personal growth, and achievement of human potential
Cognitive perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
Psychodynamic (analytic) perspective
Perspective of psychology that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
