Motivation and Emotion (Chp. 8) Flashcards
Drive reduction theory
motivation to reduce our drives
Primary drives
(biological) hunger, thirst, oxygen, reproduction
Secondary drives
items we have learned, not born understanding (ex: $, relationships)
Reason for primary/secondary drives
Seek homeostasis (balance)
Arousal theory
In order to complete task, need to be aroused (each has own optimal level), amount of energy needed
Yerkes-Dodson Law
perform easy task well with high arousal vs difficult task done poorly (each task requires diff. arousal) ex: getting ready for game vs getting ready for test
Incentive theory
we are drawn to rewards because of learning (develpo thru life)
Internal incentive theory
tell yourself getting to eat piece of cake after working
External incentive theory
mom says clean your room= get to hang out with friends
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
we are motivated to self actualize
(Social motivation) Achievement
motivated to achieve tasks/goals (academic, social cultural)
(Social motivation) Extrinsic
comes from outside source (go to class to see hot guy)
(Social motivation) Intrinsic
want to be learned, internal desire (super cedes extrinsic)
Management theory
motivating employees
Management theory X
rewards and punishments (ex: bonuses)
Management theory Y
intrinsic motivation (autonomy, independence)
Three types of conflict in motivation
Approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance
Approach-approach conflict
two desirable outcomes but can only have one
Avoidance- avoidance conflict
two negative outcomes, have to deal with one
Approach-avoidance conflict
have both desirable and negative outcomes (ex having kids= expensive+joy)
Two types of hunger motivation
stimulate ventromedial/lateral hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
stimulates hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamus
suppresses hunger
Set point theory
hypothalamus seeks optimal body weight (send hunger signals when below optimum weight, triggers low meta. rate when hungry)
Bulimia nervosa
overeating then purging
Anorexia nervosa
Dieting resulting in not eating
Optimum arousal
Set amount of action that is perfect to complete certain task
Instinct
Unlearned complex behavior that is patterned in species
Incentive
Positive/negative environment stimulus that causes a behavior
Basal metabolic rate
Resting rate of energy, what metabolism runs at while resting (younger= faster)
Sexual response cycle
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution (Masters/Johnson)
Excitement phase (SRC)
brain stimulated, pituitary releases sex hormones, CNS sympathetic excites
Plateau phase (SRC)
regulated/steady amount of sex hormones
Orgasm
muscle contractions, subconscious
Resolution phase (SRC)
Refractory period- neuron can’t send messages, cycle doesn’t occur
Biological psychology of sex
Sexual maturity (puberty), sexual orientation (LGBTQ)
Psychological aspect of sex
fantasies (exposure to stimuli)
Social cultural aspect of sex
Family/society values, religious/personal values, media
Emotions are a mix of…
Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious thoughts
Ekman’s basic emotions
joy, sadness, fear, anger, disgust
Glucose
Sugar that circulates blood/provides energy for body
Homeostasis
Maintain a balance/consistent internal state (regulation of body chem)
Izard’s ten emotions
The five basic+ interest/excitement, shame, content, guilt, surprise
Selye’s general adaption syndrome
battle emotion when out of homeostasis (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
Alarm
go into sympathetic NS, fast heart rate/breathing
Resistance
use sympathetic NS to return to homeostasis (ex: relieve stress)
Exhaustion
Too much time in resistance= fatigue/sickness
Lazarus’ theory of emotion
Appraisal theory: cognitive appraisal causes emotion (don’t send to see it to have emotion i.e. nails on a chalkboard)
James-Lange
Event-> Physiological response -> interpretation of experience= emotion
Cannon-Bard
Event-> Physiological response and interpretation same time= emotion
Schacter Two-Factor
Event-> physiological response and cognitive labeling-> experience emotion
Zajonc-Ledoux
Event-> emotion-> physiological response
T-lymphocytes
Fight illness
B-lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
Seasonal affective disorder
(light therapy) emotions change based on seasons (no sun= depression)
