Unit 6 Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical conditioning (def/who)

A

pair neutral stimuli with natural stimuli to see if get same response, Ivan Pavlov

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2
Q

Example Classical conditioning

A

UCS= food, UCR= hunger/salivation, CS= bell, CR= hunger/salivation

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3
Q

Operant conditioning

A

stimulus elicits response after association with reinforcement, strengthens or weakens behavior, B F Skinner

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4
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Add something wanted to increase behavior

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5
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by taking something away

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6
Q

Positive punishment

A

Add something unwanted to decrease behavior

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7
Q

Negative punishment

A

Take something away that’s wanted

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8
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

Natural rewards (food, warmth, shelter, water)

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9
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A

Learned rewards (money, grades, respect), associated / primary ($= food)

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10
Q

immediate reinforcement

A

Most effective, praise right after action

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11
Q

Delayed reinforcement

A

Forgo small reward for larger one later, predicts higher achievement (ex: paychecks, grades)

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12
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Meet x, get y (fixed amount)

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13
Q

Variable ratio

A

Unknown amount until result (slot machine)

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14
Q

Fixed interval

A

Set rate amount gained depending on time spent (ex: how many hours worked with fixed $9/hr)

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15
Q

Variable interval

A

Reward received at unknown point (pop quiz)

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16
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

John Watson (behaviorist), baby and white rat, loud noise, explains phobias

17
Q

Law of effect

A

Edward Thorndike-> states that if consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase, vice versa

18
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

the transfer of behavior from one stimulus to another stimulus that is similar in nature

19
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli

20
Q

Stimulus extinction

A

a decrease in the frequency of a conditioned response because of a failure to continue pairing

21
Q

Taste aversion

A

John Garcia, Intense dislike and/or avoidance of foods associated with nausea or discomfort

22
Q

Latent learning

A

Edward Tolman, learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it

23
Q

Cognitive map

A

Edward Tolman, a mental representation, or picture, of the environment

24
Q

Tolman’s theory contradiction

A

Challenges Skinner, Pavlov, Watson stating learning is mental-> not behavioral

25
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

Aggression is learned, learn from observation

26
Q

Modeling

A

Model behavior from others

27
Q

Shaping

A

Acquire goals through step by step processes through reinforcement for desired behavior

28
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

29
Q

Habituation

A

Organisms decreasing response to stimulus with repeated exposure

30
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

31
Q

Behaviorism

A

View that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process

32
Q

Acquisition

A

Link neutral stimulus to unconditioned stimulus so neutral begins triggering conditioned response

33
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Conditioned stimulus in one situation is paired with new neutral stimulus, making second conditioned stimulus

34
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of extinguished conditioned response

35
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as automatic response to some stimulus

36
Q

Operant chamber

A

In operant conditioning, chamber with tools for animals to manipulate for food/water

37
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior for own sake

38
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform behavior to receive outer stimulus reward