Unit 6 Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning (def/who)

Answer 1

pair neutral stimuli with natural stimuli to see if get same response, Ivan Pavlov

Question 2

Example Classical conditioning

Answer 2

UCS= food, UCR= hunger/salivation, CS= bell, CR= hunger/salivation

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

stimulus elicits response after association with reinforcement, strengthens or weakens behavior, B F Skinner

Question 4

Positive reinforcement

Answer 4

Add something wanted to increase behavior

Question 5

Negative reinforcement

Answer 5

Increase behavior by taking something away

Question 6

Positive punishment

Answer 6

Add something unwanted to decrease behavior

Question 7

Negative punishment

Answer 7

Take something away that’s wanted

Question 8

Primary reinforcement

Answer 8

Natural rewards (food, warmth, shelter, water)

Question 9

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 9

Learned rewards (money, grades, respect), associated / primary ($= food)

Question 10

immediate reinforcement

Answer 10

Most effective, praise right after action

Question 11

Delayed reinforcement

Answer 11

Forgo small reward for larger one later, predicts higher achievement (ex: paychecks, grades)

Question 12

Fixed ratio

Answer 12

Meet x, get y (fixed amount)

Question 13

Variable ratio

Answer 13

Unknown amount until result (slot machine)

Question 14

Fixed interval

Answer 14

Set rate amount gained depending on time spent (ex: how many hours worked with fixed $9/hr)

Question 15

Variable interval

Answer 15

Reward received at unknown point (pop quiz)

Question 16

Little Albert Experiment

Answer 16

John Watson (behaviorist), baby and white rat, loud noise, explains phobias

Question 17

Law of effect

Answer 17

Edward Thorndike-> states that if consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase, vice versa

Question 18

Stimulus generalization

Answer 18

the transfer of behavior from one stimulus to another stimulus that is similar in nature

Question 19

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 19

Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli

Question 20

Stimulus extinction

Answer 20

a decrease in the frequency of a conditioned response because of a failure to continue pairing

Question 21

Taste aversion

Answer 21

John Garcia, Intense dislike and/or avoidance of foods associated with nausea or discomfort

Question 22

Latent learning

Answer 22

Edward Tolman, learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it

Question 23

Cognitive map

Answer 23

Edward Tolman, a mental representation, or picture, of the environment

Question 24

Tolman’s theory contradiction

Answer 24

Challenges Skinner, Pavlov, Watson stating learning is mental-> not behavioral

Question 25

Bobo doll experiment

Answer 25

Aggression is learned, learn from observation

Question 26

Modeling

Answer 26

Model behavior from others

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

Acquire goals through step by step processes through reinforcement for desired behavior

Question 28

Learning

Answer 28

Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

Question 29

Habituation

Answer 29

Organisms decreasing response to stimulus with repeated exposure

Question 30

Associative learning

Answer 30

Learning that certain events occur together

Question 31

Behaviorism

Answer 31

View that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process

Question 32

Acquisition

Answer 32

Link neutral stimulus to unconditioned stimulus so neutral begins triggering conditioned response

Question 33

Higher order conditioning

Answer 33

Conditioned stimulus in one situation is paired with new neutral stimulus, making second conditioned stimulus

Question 34

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 34

Reappearance of extinguished conditioned response

Question 35

Respondent behavior

Answer 35

Behavior that occurs as automatic response to some stimulus

Question 36

Operant chamber

Answer 36

In operant conditioning, chamber with tools for animals to manipulate for food/water

Question 37

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 37

Desire to perform a behavior for own sake

Question 38

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 38

Desire to perform behavior to receive outer stimulus reward