Unit 6 Learning Flashcards
Classical conditioning (def/who)
pair neutral stimuli with natural stimuli to see if get same response, Ivan Pavlov
Example Classical conditioning
UCS= food, UCR= hunger/salivation, CS= bell, CR= hunger/salivation
Operant conditioning
stimulus elicits response after association with reinforcement, strengthens or weakens behavior, B F Skinner
Positive reinforcement
Add something wanted to increase behavior
Negative reinforcement
Increase behavior by taking something away
Positive punishment
Add something unwanted to decrease behavior
Negative punishment
Take something away that’s wanted
Primary reinforcement
Natural rewards (food, warmth, shelter, water)
Secondary reinforcement
Learned rewards (money, grades, respect), associated / primary ($= food)
immediate reinforcement
Most effective, praise right after action
Delayed reinforcement
Forgo small reward for larger one later, predicts higher achievement (ex: paychecks, grades)
Fixed ratio
Meet x, get y (fixed amount)
Variable ratio
Unknown amount until result (slot machine)
Fixed interval
Set rate amount gained depending on time spent (ex: how many hours worked with fixed $9/hr)
Variable interval
Reward received at unknown point (pop quiz)
Little Albert Experiment
John Watson (behaviorist), baby and white rat, loud noise, explains phobias
Law of effect
Edward Thorndike-> states that if consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase, vice versa
Stimulus generalization
the transfer of behavior from one stimulus to another stimulus that is similar in nature
Stimulus discrimination
Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli
Stimulus extinction
a decrease in the frequency of a conditioned response because of a failure to continue pairing
Taste aversion
John Garcia, Intense dislike and/or avoidance of foods associated with nausea or discomfort
Latent learning
Edward Tolman, learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
Cognitive map
Edward Tolman, a mental representation, or picture, of the environment
Tolman’s theory contradiction
Challenges Skinner, Pavlov, Watson stating learning is mental-> not behavioral
Bobo doll experiment
Aggression is learned, learn from observation
Modeling
Model behavior from others
Shaping
Acquire goals through step by step processes through reinforcement for desired behavior
Learning
Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
Habituation
Organisms decreasing response to stimulus with repeated exposure
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together
Behaviorism
View that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process
Acquisition
Link neutral stimulus to unconditioned stimulus so neutral begins triggering conditioned response
Higher order conditioning
Conditioned stimulus in one situation is paired with new neutral stimulus, making second conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of extinguished conditioned response
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as automatic response to some stimulus
Operant chamber
In operant conditioning, chamber with tools for animals to manipulate for food/water
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for own sake
Extrinsic motivation
Desire to perform behavior to receive outer stimulus reward
