Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards
Instinct Theory
+ complex behavior
+ Unlearned
+ Throughout a species
Drive Reduction
As physiological needs increase our psychological drive to reduce those needs increases.
Arousal Theory
When goal isnt homeostasis
+ after meeting basic needs humans need stimulation
+ boredom
+ moderate anxiety = motivation
+ Too much = Seek Arousal reduction
Yerkes - Dodson Law
Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, then performance decreases
Hierachy of Needs
- Self actualization - need for meaning beyond oneself
- Esteem
- Love and belonging
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
Hormones testosterone
+ therapy can increase sexual desire in M and F
+ Sexual desire increase testostorone
Alfred Kinsey
+ institute for sex research
+ Kinsey scale
- Heterosexual - homosexual rating scale
Incentives
a thing that motivates someone (learned / enviroment stimulus)
Ancel Keys
Minnesota starvation experiment
+ food obsessed
+ lost interest in other activities
Margaret Floy Washburn
Washburn experiment aka balloon experiment
+ hunger = stomach contractions
As glucose levels drop….
brain signals hunger
Hypothalamus
stimulation = releases hunger hormones - rat experiment
+ Destroy it = no interest in food
+ watches for ghrelin (secreted by empty stomach)
+ signals hypothalamus - food is needed
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
Body’s resting of energy output
Bio Taste preference
High calories, high carb meals boost serotonin
Affiliation need - evo perspective
need to build relationships and be part of a group
+ Social bonds/cooperation boost survival odds “us” vs “them”
self efficacy
the belief that we can achieve influence over the conditions that affect our lives.
Achivement motivation
+ desire for accomplishments a higher standard of skills and ideas
James Lange
Arousal then emotion
Cannon-bard
arousal and emotion simultaneously
Schachter singer
Arousal+label = emotion
+ emotion requires conscious interpretation
+ high road
Objective vs Subjective experience
objective - the actual experience
Subjective - how we interpret the events
Spillover effect
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response of the next event.
Robert Zajonc
emotions can exist without conscious interpretation
Joseph LeDoux
emotions can take a low road
+ fear provoking stimulus bypasses cortex and goes straight to amygdala
Richard lazurus
In some level, we must appraise an event in order to have emotions
+ appraisal is more important to what is stressful than the actual stressful event
+ high and low road
Facial Feedback effect
+ smiling has a positive effect on mood
+ frowning has a negative effect on mood
Two way:
- emotion impact facial expressions
- Facial expressions impact emotions
Stress
short lived = good (assist survival)
long term = bad ( compromises immune system, risky decisions, unhealthy behaviors, dangerous pregnancy and health problems)
Accumulative stress…
declines over time
Adrenal glands secret….
cortisol
Hans Seyle
(GAS) general adaptation syndrome
+ alert
+ resistance
+ exhaustion
- body made to deal with temp stress not prolongued
How does stress affect me?
+ Telomeres, shorten over time leading to higher risk of death, and cancer
+ wounds heal slow
+ more vunerable to illness
Seligman
Explanatory style - how people explain events in their lives
Do - good phenomenon
people are more helpful when they’re in a good mood
+ do good, feel good
Coping mechanisms
Diminishing returns
as you increase the quantity of something the benefits decrease
relative deprivation
the sense that you are worse off than those around you
personality
pattern of thinking feeling and acting
Freudian perspective personality test
goal to uncover what is going on in your unconscious mind
projective test
any personality test to uncover your unconscious (ex: Rosard ink blot)
are they scientific? – NOT objective
psychodynamic
human behavior is a dynamic interaction btwn the conscious and unconscious mind
psychoanalysis
freud, thoughts and actions attributed to unconscious motives and conflicts
Freud
- believed childhood exp determine adult personality
- ” “ ian slips ex: calling your spouse your ex’s name or calling your teacher mom or dad
-“ “ and reality– he thought these slips had a lot to do w/unconscious mind BUT in reality they dont mean much bc humans make speech mistakes
Freud: Id - Ego - Super ego
Id - satisfy sexual and agressive desires
Ego - “executive”, meditates between Id, superego and reality
Superego - internalized ideals , conscience
Alfred Adler
+ believed people were driven by a need for superiority, birth order
+ inferior complex
Carl Jung
+ collective shared unconscious
Actualization
self focused
transcendence
other - focused instead of self focused and concerns higher goals than those which are self serving
Carl Rogers
+ self concept
- distorded by outside influence
- healthy personality is when self concept is consistent with your ideal self concept
+ unconditional positive regard
criticism humanistic theory
fails to account human evil
Gordon Allport?
trait - consistent, enduring a way of feeling, behaving and thinking
+ describe personality in terms of fundamental traits
Sybil and Eyeseck
reduced personality to…
+ these factors are genetically influenced
Social cognitive perspective - alfred bandura
+ behavior influenced by interactions btw people traits and social content
+ personality is in part required through observational learning
reciprocal determinism
interacting influences of behavior, cognition and enviroment
person-situation
ppl make responses they believe will lead to reinforcement
+ belief: hardwork = reward then you will work hard
viceversa if no reward no work
conclusion on behavior
dependent on situation
Criticism of social cognitive theories
too focused on situations, ignores traits and emotions
spotlight effect
overestimating others noticing and evaluating on you
Blind incompentence
ignorance sustain self confidence
+ dunning krugger effect
Self serving bias
+ readiness to percieve oneself favorably
+ most people see themselves as better than average
+ blame others - negative outcome / positive outcome - praise oneself
jean twenge
generation and me
people bor in 80’s/90’s higher narcism lvls
Individualism vs Collectivist
Ind - priority to ones own goals over group goals
- identity in terms of personal attributes
Coll - priority of the goals of one’s group
-identity of others
Assessing traits tests
MMPI - widely for emotional disorders
The Big 5 personalities
Conscientiousness - disorganized or disorganized
Agreeable - uncooperative or helpful
Neuroticism - calm or anxious
Openness - conforming or independent
Extroversion - reserved or affectionate
Maturity principle
become more conscientiousness and less neurotic up to age 40
Traits are stable BUT……
behavior varies
