Unit 4: Learning

Question 1

Conditioning

Answer 1

The process of learning associations

Question 2

Ivan Pavlock

Answer 2

Classical conditioning
+ taught dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

Automatically and naturally triggered response

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

Originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned response

Answer 5

unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Acquisition

Answer 7

Association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place
+ typically, neutral stimulus before unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 9

spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persist alone, the CR becomes extinct again.

Question 10

Stimulus generalization

Answer 10

Tendency to respond to something similar

Question 11

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 11

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an UCR.

Question 12

Classic conditioning

Answer 12

+ associations between stimuli
+ respondent behaviour

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

+ association between behaviour and the result
+ strengthened by reinforcement
+ diminished by punishment

Question 14

B.F skinner

Answer 14

Operant conditioning
+ rat in a cage with levers, electric floors and lights
+ cognition (thoughts and emotions) irrelevant to behavior

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

Desirable stimulus
+ Pet dog or pay someone

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

aversive stimulus (avoid and take away)
+ fasten seatbelt to end beeping take

Question 17

Primary reinforcement

Answer 17

Unlearned, innate
+ ex. food, pleasure, sex

Question 18

Conditioned reinforcement

Answer 18

learned by association
+ money, good grades, praise, trophies, and awards

Question 19

Positive punishment

Answer 19

aversive stimulus+
+ ex. spray water on barking dog, give a parking ticket

Question 20

Negative punishment

Answer 20

Rewarding stimulus -
+ ex. take away misbehaving child’s phone, revoke a rude person’s chat room access.

Question 21

Fixed ration

Answer 21

reinforce a response only after a specific number of responses

Question 22

Variable ratio

Answer 22

schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses

Question 23

Fixed interval

Answer 23

reinforce a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Question 24

variable interval

Answer 24

reinforces a response at unpredictable time interval

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

gradually changing behavior

Question 26

Preparedness

Answer 26

Bio predisposition to learn associations that have survival

Question 27

John garcia

Answer 27

+rat experiment - rats learned taste aversions
+ rats did not learn sight/sound aversion only taste
+taste aversions benefited survival

Question 28

Instinctive drift

Answer 28

gradually revert to bio predispostion
+ ex. pigs overtime forgot their associations between money to piggy bank = food

Question 29

intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence

Question 30

extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

rewards or other incentives — like praise, fame, or money — are used as motivation for specific activities

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

Latent learning is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation.

Question 32

Edward tolman

Answer 32

Rats in maze
+ rats formed a mental map to know where to navigate
+latent learning

Question 33

Locus of control

Answer 33

External- fate determined by things outside control

Internal- control impulses/delay short gratification

Question 34

Albert bandura

Answer 34

Bobo doll experiment
+ children observed violence and replicated on bobo doll

Question 35

Modeling

Answer 35

The process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour

Question 36

Mirror neurons

Answer 36

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Question 37

biofeedback

Answer 37

a technique you can use to learn to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate

Question 38

Law of effect

Answer 38

Developed by ** Edward Thorndike **
+ Responses that receive a positive outcome are more likely to be repeated than those that lead to a negative outcome.