Unit 4: Learning Flashcards
Conditioning
The process of learning associations
Ivan Pavlock
Classical conditioning
+ taught dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
Unconditioned stimulus
Automatically and naturally triggered response
Conditioned stimulus
Originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Acquisition
Association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place
+ typically, neutral stimulus before unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
diminishing of a conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persist alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
Stimulus generalization
Tendency to respond to something similar
Stimulus discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an UCR.
Classic conditioning
+ associations between stimuli
+ respondent behaviour
Operant conditioning
+ association between behaviour and the result
+ strengthened by reinforcement
+ diminished by punishment
B.F skinner
Operant conditioning
+ rat in a cage with levers, electric floors and lights
+ cognition (thoughts and emotions) irrelevant to behavior
Positive reinforcement
Desirable stimulus
+ Pet dog or pay someone
Negative reinforcement
aversive stimulus (avoid and take away)
+ fasten seatbelt to end beeping take
Primary reinforcement
Unlearned, innate
+ ex. food, pleasure, sex
Conditioned reinforcement
learned by association
+ money, good grades, praise, trophies, and awards
Positive punishment
aversive stimulus+
+ ex. spray water on barking dog, give a parking ticket
Negative punishment
Rewarding stimulus -
+ ex. take away misbehaving child’s phone, revoke a rude person’s chat room access.
Fixed ration
reinforce a response only after a specific number of responses
Variable ratio
schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses
Fixed interval
reinforce a response only after a specific time has elapsed
variable interval
reinforces a response at unpredictable time interval
Shaping
gradually changing behavior
Preparedness
Bio predisposition to learn associations that have survival
John garcia
+rat experiment - rats learned taste aversions
+ rats did not learn sight/sound aversion only taste
+taste aversions benefited survival
Instinctive drift
gradually revert to bio predispostion
+ ex. pigs overtime forgot their associations between money to piggy bank = food
intrinsic motivation
the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence
extrinsic motivation
rewards or other incentives — like praise, fame, or money — are used as motivation for specific activities
latent learning
Latent learning is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation.
Edward tolman
Rats in maze
+ rats formed a mental map to know where to navigate
+latent learning
Locus of control
External- fate determined by things outside control
Internal- control impulses/delay short gratification
Albert bandura
Bobo doll experiment
+ children observed violence and replicated on bobo doll
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour
Mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
biofeedback
a technique you can use to learn to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate
Law of effect
Developed by ** Edward Thorndike **
+ Responses that receive a positive outcome are more likely to be repeated than those that lead to a negative outcome.
