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AP Psychology > Unit 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

sensory receptors work normally, transmit information

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2
Q

perception

A

organization and interpretation of sensory information

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3
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on certain stimulus

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4
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see something when you are focused elsewhere

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5
Q

choice blindness

A

failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice

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6
Q

Selective Inattention

A

+ inattentional blindness - failing to see something when you are focused elsewhere

+ Choice Blindness - failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice.

+ Change blindness - failing to notice changes in the environment

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7
Q

absolute threshhold

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
+ 50% of the time

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8
Q

Weber’s law

A

principle that if something can be perceived as different, the two stimuli must be different by a constant percentage

+ ex. a person is much more likely to react to a quiet commercial that suddenly doubles in volume than a commercial that only slightly increases in volume

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts when we detect presence of faint stimulus amid background stimulation

+ it varies on the persons experience

+ ex. a mother is more likely to hear a babies while others don’t

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10
Q

cocktail effect

A

ability to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.

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11
Q

subliminal stimulation

A

unnoticed background stimuli usually is not processed cognitively
+ no lasting effecfts

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12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

brain focuses on informative information, doesn’t respond to constant repetition

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

mental tendencies and assumptions that affects top-down, what we wear, taste, feel and see

Influenced by:
+ context
+ stereotypes
+ emotions

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14
Q

motivation

A

depends on cravings and focus

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15
Q

bottom-up processing

A

starts with sensory receptors and takes the information through the brain

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16
Q

top-down processing

A

brain deciphers information and uses experiences and expectation s to construct perception

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17
Q

cornea

A

the transparent covering over the eye serving as barrier between inner eye and outside world

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18
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye that lets light in

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19
Q

iris

A

muscles that contract to adjust the amount of light

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20
Q

lens

A

transparent structure that provides additional focus

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21
Q

retina

A

light sensitive lining - collects visual info

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22
Q

rods

A

specialized types of photo receptors that work best in low light conditions
+ work on the outer layer of the retina

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23
Q

cones

A

specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions

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24
Q

ganglion cells

A

transmit signals from bipolar cells to optic nerve

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25
bipolar cells
transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
26
How does vision work?
eye receive light information and transduce or transform into neural signals
27
Amplitude and wavelength
+ red - long wavelength + purple- short wavelength
28
Fovea
+ area of central focus + color
29
optic chiasma
separates left to right fields
30
Young Hemholtz Trichromatic theory
RGB can make any color + eye must have these receptors problem: why do red-green colorblind people see yellow
31
opponent process theory
+ sensory receptors are organised in pairs + fatigued sensors become less sensitive as you stare longer
32
Feature detection
+ highly specialized visual cortex area + neurons that respond only to specific stimuli/features
33
Parallel processing
the brain simultaneously: organizes color, movement, form and depth
34
Retinal processing
. When light hits the retina, it stimulates photoreceptors, creating an electric signal that is conveyed through other neurons
35
feature detection
specific cells clusters respond to its specific features of the bear
36
recognition
compare data to stored information: matches data to a bear
37
gestalt
organize form or whole principles: depth perception + allow us to judge distance + see 3D even though retina is 2D
38
figure-ground
he ability to differentiate an object from its background.
39
grouping
figure into meaningful form + how we create a whole that is more than the parts
40
Binocular cues
two eyes help perception of depth
41
retinal disparity
by comparing images from the two eyes the brain calculate distance
42
monocular cues
depth cues for individual eye
43
interposition
the overlap between horses allows you to perceive depth
44
phi phenomena
illusion of movement when adjacent lights blink
45
perceptual constancy
the perception of an object or quality as constant even though our sensation of the object changes
46
how does hearing(audition) work?
ears take the vibrations and convert (transduction) them to nerve pulses
47
conduction hearing loss
happens when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear. It may be hard to hear soft sounds. Louder sounds may be muffled. (can be improved)
48
sensory neural hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the nerve from the ear to the brain.
49
congenital
hearing loss at birth
50
place theory
we hear different pitches because sound waves trigger different parts of the membrane in the cochlea
51
frequency theory
the rate of neural impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches frequency of the tone and allows us to hear pitch + higher/lower sound- neurons fire faster/slower
52
nociceptors
sensory receptor that detect temp, pressure, and chemicals depends on: + genetics, and gender
53
spinal cord in relation to pain
pain "gate" + larger fiber stimulation can interrupt small fiber (pain) signals
54
phantom pain
pain from missing body parts
55
natural pain kilers
endorphins
56
unique type of taste
unami: proteins to grow/repair
57
why taste?
+ food can bring pleasure + bitter taste could mean dangerous + survival advantages
58
smell - olfaction
+ "old" sense does not go through thalamus + powerful memories associations
59
process of smell
olfactory bulb -> limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus)
60
kinesthesia
movement sense + spatial processing + parietal lobe
61
vestibular sense
movement sense - enables balance + motion sickness + vestibular sacs and semicircular canal
62
semicircular canal
three tiny, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help you keep your balance.
63
embodied congnition
how bodily sensation influences our cognition and judgement
64
sensory interaction
+ smell + texture + taste = flavour
65
synthesia
+ you hear music but see shapes + you hear a word and see a color
66
action potential
ganglion cells attached to optic nerve which generate an action potential
67
3 middle ear bones
+ hammer (malleus) + anvil (incus) + stirrup (stapes)
68
psychophysics
study of quantitive relations between psychological events and physical events, or more specifically, between sensations and the stimuli that produces them

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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