Unit 1: Introduction Psychology

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

knowledge comes from experience, observation and experimentation

Question 2

Willhelm wundt

Answer 2

“father of experimental psychology”
+ used scientific method to conduct psychological experiments
+ tested reaction times: visual and audition
+ founded structuralism

Question 3

E.B titchener

Answer 3

the subject matter of psychology is experience, dependent on the experiencing person.
+ introspection
+ further developed structurealism

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

+ evolutionary psychology
+ adaptive, influences functionalism (lead to)

Question 5

functionalism

Answer 5

connections between evolution, survival and cognitive abilities (evolves to meet our needs)
+ survival value

Question 6

Mary Calkins

Answer 6

+ first female president of American psych association

Question 7

Sigmund Freud

Answer 7

+ Dream interpretation
+ psycho sexual stages of development
+ id/ego/superego
+ psychoanalysis
+ unconscious conflicts

Question 8

John B Watson

Answer 8

+ Behaviorism
+ classical conditioning: little Albert experiment

Question 9

Clinical psychology

Answer 9

asses and treat mental illness

Question 10

developmental psychology

Answer 10

womb to tomb

Question 11

Industrial-organization psychology

Answer 11

improving companies

Question 12

Education psychology

Answer 12

peer counseling sessions and test students for disabilities

Question 13

Counseling psychology

Answer 13

problems with school, family, work, etc.

Question 14

Biological Perspective

Answer 14

Focus: how nervous system and brain enable feelings and sensations
+ all emotions and actions have a psychological root

Question 15

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 15

Focus: how natural selection of traits contributes passing on genes
+ traits that helped our ancestors and passed on

Question 16

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 16

Focus: unconscious drives, and childhood conflicts can impact behaviour

Question 17

Behavioral perspective

Answer 17

Focus: how we learn observable conduct
+ ignores all internal factors
+ Taught mostly through conditioning

Question 18

Humanistic perspective

Answer 18

Focus: how each individual has positive capacity for personal growthj and employs free will decision making in their lives

Question 19

Cognitive perspective

Answer 19

Focus: how our thought procedure works and how we store and remember knowledge

Question 20

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 20

Focus: how psychological functioning varies across and circumstances
+ one of the big focuses today is collectivist V.S individualistic culture.

Question 21

Biopsychosocial perspective

Answer 21

modern approach which tries to combine multiple perspectives

Question 22

Hindsight bias

Answer 22

A tendency to see past events as having been predictable before they happened

Question 23

How do psychologist answer questions?

Answer 23

scientific method -> no bias -> make replicable experiences

Question 24

Operational definition

Answer 24

carefully worded explanation of exact procedures used in an experiment

Question 25

The case study

Answer 25

+ one individual… In depth
+ Cons: Atypical cases/anecdotes
+ Pros: can suggest good ideas

Question 26

The survery

Answer 26

+ looks at many cases in depth
PRO + researchers can estimate from a large population
CON + wording MATTERS
+ sampling…who to survey? who applies?

Question 27

Naturalistic observation

Answer 27

+ describes behaviour, DOESN’T EXPLAIN IT
+ offers snapshot
+ provides data for correlation
+ good for gathering social data when surveys are impractical or labs aren’t suitable

Question 28

Correlation

Answer 28

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together thus of how well either factor predicts the other

DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION
+ only indicates a possibility

Question 29

Regression towards the mean (average)

Answer 29

+ extreme or unusual scores tend to return to normal

Question 30

Experimentation

Answer 30

+ controlling factors
+ manipulating other facts
+ replication
+ RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
- control groups -placebos - experiment groups
+ double blind assingment
- participant and researcher dk who gets treatment

Question 31

Dependent variable

Answer 31

Variable that is measured
+ ex. intelligence

Question 32

Independent variable

Answer 32

Variable that is manipulated
+ Formula or breast milk

Question 33

Confounding variables

Answer 33

a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

Question 34

Reliability

Answer 34

test gives the same result
+ does not necessarily measure what we want it to

Question 35

Validity

Answer 35

test measure what it is intended to
+ does not necessarily mean that is valid

Question 36

Standardized

Answer 36

Test given multiple times with the same instructions, conditions and questions (from same pool)

Question 37

Human research guidelines

Answer 37

+ informed consent
+ protect from greater than usual discomfort
+ confidentiality
+ debrief: explain research afterwards

Question 38

IRB (institutional review board)

Answer 38

committee that monitors and reviews biomedical research

Question 39

Mode

Answer 39

most frequent

Question 40

Skewed

Answer 40

lack of symmetry in average

Question 41

range

Answer 41

difference btw highest and lowest value

Question 42

Standard deviation

Answer 42

A measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
σ = standard deviation
μ = mean

Question 43

Inferential statistics

Answer 43

the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying distribution of probability

for what?
to figure out how reliable and statistically significant data are

Question 44

Statistical significant

Answer 44

how likely an experimental result occurred due to chances
+ the more the better
+ variation can decrease accuracy

Question 45

Standardized

Answer 45

Test is given multiple times with the same instructions, conditions and questions