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AP Psychology > Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behaviour > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

myelin sheath

A

+ fatty tissue
+ insulates
+ builds until age 25
+ efficiency
+ self control
+ judgement

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2
Q

what happens if myelin sheath degenerates?

A

multiple sclerosis ( MS)

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3
Q

glial cells

A

+ glue cells
+ support the neuron ( not part)
+ provide nutrients and myelin

MORE COMPLEX BRAIN = MORE GLIAL CELLS

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4
Q

Neuron impulses

A

aka action potential
+ electrical charge
+ encitatory signals vs inhibitory signals
+ all or nothing (cannot fire part neuron)

positive inside - negative outside = resting potential

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5
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

synapse, neuron transmitters and reuptake

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6
Q

synapse

A

space btwn the axon and the dendrite of two neurons

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

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8
Q

reuptake

A

absorption of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

agonist

A

molecule that increase a neurotransmitter’s action
+ ex. morphine amplify euphoria

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10
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter action

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11
Q

what is the nervous system divided into

A

central nervous system
+ brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system
+ connects CNS to limbs and organs, allowing communication

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system:
skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system:
controls glands and muscle

+ sympathetic- “fight or flight” arouses body in scary situations
+ parasympathetic- calms after “ fight or flight” called “rest and digest”

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13
Q

sensory neurons

A

stimulus/sensation (afferent): carry messages to the CNS

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14
Q

Motor neurons

A

motor response (efferent) : carry message from CNS

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15
Q

inter neurons

A

communicate with CNS

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16
Q

reflex arc

A

how we experience pain

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

hormones
+ chemical messengers

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18
Q

Nervous VS Endocrine

A

Nervous Endocrine
+ fast + slow
+ short effects + longer effects
+ neurons + hormones in blood stream

BOTH: molecules acting on receptors

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

+ controls pituitary
+ controls hormones
+ hypo = low
+ body maintenance
+ hunger, thirst, body tempt, sexual behaviour, homeostasis

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20
Q

Pituitary gland

A

+ growth hormone
+ oxytocin: bonding
+ controlling other glands
+ “master gland”

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21
Q

Pineal gland

A

+ produces melatonin: regulates sleep pattern

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22
Q

Thyroid

A

+ Hormone: thyroxine - metabolism
+ overactive: insomnia, attention span, agitation
+ underactive: tired, sleep

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23
Q

Thymus

A

+ T-cells (type of white blood cells)
+ immune response

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24
Q

Adrenal glands

A

+adrenaline - AKA
+ epinephrine
+ norepinephrine
+ fight or flight
+ cortisol: stress hormone

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25
Q

Pancrease

A

+ produces insulin (blood sugar
+ digestive enzyme

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26
Q

ovaries and testies

A

+ estrogen
+ testosterone

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27
Q

Nervous and endocrine system process

A

hypothalamus -> pituitary -> glands -> hormones -> body

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28
Q

Catscans ( computerized axial tomography)

A

a fancy x-ray, useful for finding tumors

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29
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

use magnetic fields to knock electrons off axes and then measure them
+ finding tumors as well

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30
Q

Petscan (position emission tomography)

A

to see what parts of the brain use the chemical

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31
Q

fMRI

A

measures brain activity, by detecting changes associated with blood flow

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32
Q

TMS

A

treatment that involves using a magnetic coil to influence your brain’s natural electrical activity

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33
Q

EGG (electroencephalogram)

A

amplified recording of the waves of the electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface (recording brain activity)
+ useful in sleep research

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34
Q

Old brain

A

brain stem, medulla, pons, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebellum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

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35
Q

brain stem

A

Medulla: heart and lungs

Pons: coordinate movement and sleep

36
Q

Thalamus

A

Infohub:
+ info from high brain to medulla - viceversa
+ sensory control: except smell

37
Q

Reticular information

A

+ spinal cord to thalamus
+ filter stimuli
+ multi-tasking
+ control arousal (non segsual)

38
Q

Cerebellum

A

+ “ little brain”
+ non-verbal learning and skills
+ judge time
+ modulate emotions
+ voluntary movement

39
Q

The limbic system

A

+ limbus = order
+ border between old brain and new brain

40
Q

Amygdala

A

+ controls emotions

41
Q

Hippocampus

A

+ explicit memories, processes consciousness
+ emotions via amygdala
+ damage = no new memories

42
Q

What is the celebral cortex?

A

+ ultimate control point
+ information process

43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

judgement, speaking, planning

44
Q

Parietal lobe

A

spatial processing, sensory input for touch and body position

45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receive visual information

46
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory, opposite ear, object recognition

47
Q

Association Areas

A

(prefrontal and parietal- temporal-occipital) are where different modalities combine, attention is shifted, planning occurs, and memories are stored

48
Q

Broca’s Area

A

language processing, motor part of speech
+ non-fluent aphasia
+ can understand but difficulty actually verbally forming words

Remember: broken speech

49
Q

Wernicker’s area

A

language development/meaning
+ fluent aphasia
+ can form words but trouble understanding meaning

Remember: what does that mean?

50
Q

Plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change
+ after damage
+ with new experiences
+ childhood

51
Q

Neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

52
Q

Brain: Left side

A

+ right motor functions
+ quick literal interpretations of language
+ language ( spoken or signed )
+ speech
+ math

53
Q

Brain: right side

A

+ left motor functions
+ inferences
+ modulate speech
+ self awareness
+ perceptual tasks

54
Q

Corpus callosum

A

+ connects left and right hemispheres of the brain
+ hundreds of millions of neurons

55
Q

Dual track mind

A

the two minds that operate at the same time inside our one brain.

56
Q

Dual processing

A

info processed on two tracks at the same time

57
Q

Parallel processing

A

Same time
+ ex, texting while walking

58
Q

Sequential processing

A

One after the other
+ ex. new tasks- texting while dribbling a basketball

59
Q

Genes

A

units of heredity in chromosomes

60
Q

Twin studies

A

shared family environment has little to no discernible impact on the child’s personality

61
Q

Heritability

A

Heritability = 0 genetics has nothing to do with it
Heritability= 1 entirely based on genetics

+ property of the population not individual

62
Q

Epigenetics

A

“In addition to” genetics; how environment influences gene expression (trigger)
+ social experiment
+ experiences
+ physical enviroment

63
Q

social scripts

A

cultural guide about how to act in certain situations

64
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and our enviroment

65
Q

circadian rhythm

A

physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle

66
Q

NREM 1 - 10 mins

A

+ alpha waves drop
+ heart rate slows
+ hypnagogic hallucinations

67
Q

NREM 2 - 20 mins

A

sleep spindles- bursts a rapid brain activity
+ relatively easy to wake up from

68
Q

NREM 3 - 30 mins

A

+ delta waves, slow
+ hard to awake
+ children sometimes wet the bed at this stage

69
Q

REM

A

+ 1st ten minutes: rapid brain waves
+ heart rate increases
+ hallucinatory dreams
+ motor cortex blocked
+ sleep paralysis

70
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

brain arousal, body is calm

71
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

1) protection (evolutionary approach)
2) recuperation
+ rid of toxic waste
+ immune
+ brain tissue
3) build memories
+ consolidates memories
+ strengthen neural connections
4) creative thinking
5) growth

72
Q

parasomnias

A

disruptive sleep disorders

73
Q

sleep disorder

A

+ narcolepsy - contiously falling asleep
+ sleep apnea - breathing incorrectly while sleeping
+ night terrors - non dream nightmares during NREM 4 (can’t be woken)

74
Q

what we dream

A

+ Themes
+ failure to do something
+ being attacked, pursued , or rejected
+ Trauma
+ Musicians
+ blindness
+ media

75
Q

manifest content

A

what you dream/remember

76
Q

Latent

A

underlying meaning

77
Q

Depressants

A

+ reduce neural activity
ex.
+ alcohol
+ barbiturates
+ opiates

78
Q

Stimulants

A

+ excites neural activity
ex.
+ caffeine
+nicotine
+meth
+ crack

79
Q

Hallucinogens

A

+ psychedelics, distort perception of reality
+ near death experience

80
Q

Opiates effects (Rx and street)

A

long term use body stops producing its own endorphins

81
Q

Ecstasy/ MDMA / Molly effects

A

psychological effect: dump serotonin
and block reuptake = rise in serotonin

Long term effects: decrease natural produce of serotonin

82
Q

Activation synthesis

A

REM sleep triggers random memories from the day, which are then woven into stories by our sleeping brain to make sense of them

83
Q

Cognitive development - dreams

A

Dream content reflects the dreamer’s cognitive development – their knowledge and understanding (kids dreams are slideshows, while in adult dreams the dreamer plays an influential role.)

84
Q

Schizophrenia: Neurontransmitter

A

glutamate

85
Q

Alzheimers: Neurontransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

86
Q

Parkinsons disease: Neurontransmitter

A

Lack of Dopamine

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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