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AP Psychology > Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behaviour > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

myelin sheath

A

+ fatty tissue
+ insulates
+ builds until age 25
+ efficiency
+ self control
+ judgement

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2
Q

what happens if myelin sheath degenerates?

A

multiple sclerosis ( MS)

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3
Q

glial cells

A

+ glue cells
+ support the neuron ( not part)
+ provide nutrients and myelin

MORE COMPLEX BRAIN = MORE GLIAL CELLS

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4
Q

Neuron impulses

A

aka action potential
+ electrical charge
+ encitatory signals vs inhibitory signals
+ all or nothing (cannot fire part neuron)

positive inside - negative outside = resting potential

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5
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

synapse, neuron transmitters and reuptake

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6
Q

synapse

A

space btwn the axon and the dendrite of two neurons

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

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8
Q

reuptake

A

absorption of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

agonist

A

molecule that increase a neurotransmitter’s action
+ ex. morphine amplify euphoria

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10
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter action

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11
Q

what is the nervous system divided into

A

central nervous system
+ brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system
+ connects CNS to limbs and organs, allowing communication

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system:
skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system:
controls glands and muscle

+ sympathetic- “fight or flight” arouses body in scary situations
+ parasympathetic- calms after “ fight or flight” called “rest and digest”

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13
Q

sensory neurons

A

stimulus/sensation (afferent): carry messages to the CNS

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14
Q

Motor neurons

A

motor response (efferent) : carry message from CNS

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15
Q

inter neurons

A

communicate with CNS

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16
Q

reflex arc

A

how we experience pain

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

hormones
+ chemical messengers

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18
Q

Nervous VS Endocrine

A

Nervous Endocrine
+ fast + slow
+ short effects + longer effects
+ neurons + hormones in blood stream

BOTH: molecules acting on receptors

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

+ controls pituitary
+ controls hormones
+ hypo = low
+ body maintenance
+ hunger, thirst, body tempt, sexual behaviour, homeostasis

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20
Q

Pituitary gland

A

+ growth hormone
+ oxytocin: bonding
+ controlling other glands
+ “master gland”

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21
Q

Pineal gland

A

+ produces melatonin: regulates sleep pattern

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22
Q

Thyroid

A

+ Hormone: thyroxine - metabolism
+ overactive: insomnia, attention span, agitation
+ underactive: tired, sleep

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23
Q

Thymus

A

+ T-cells (type of white blood cells)
+ immune response

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24
Q

Adrenal glands

A

+adrenaline - AKA
+ epinephrine
+ norepinephrine
+ fight or flight
+ cortisol: stress hormone

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25
Pancrease
+ produces insulin (blood sugar + digestive enzyme
26
ovaries and testies
+ estrogen + testosterone
27
Nervous and endocrine system process
hypothalamus -> pituitary -> glands -> hormones -> body
28
Catscans ( computerized axial tomography)
a fancy x-ray, useful for finding tumors
29
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
use magnetic fields to knock electrons off axes and then measure them + finding tumors as well
30
Petscan (position emission tomography)
to see what parts of the brain use the chemical
31
fMRI
measures brain activity, by detecting changes associated with blood flow
32
TMS
treatment that involves using a magnetic coil to influence your brain's natural electrical activity
33
EGG (electroencephalogram)
amplified recording of the waves of the electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface (recording brain activity) + useful in sleep research
34
Old brain
brain stem, medulla, pons, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebellum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus
35
brain stem
**Medulla**: heart and lungs **Pons**: coordinate movement and sleep
36
Thalamus
Infohub: + info from high brain to medulla - viceversa + **sensory control: except smell**
37
Reticular information
+ spinal cord to thalamus + filter stimuli + multi-tasking + control arousal (non segsual)
38
Cerebellum
+ " little brain" + non-verbal learning and skills + judge time + modulate emotions + voluntary movement
39
The limbic system
+ limbus = order + border between old brain and new brain
40
Amygdala
+ controls emotions
41
Hippocampus
+ explicit memories, processes consciousness + emotions via amygdala + damage = no new memories
42
What is the **celebral cortex**?
+ ultimate control point + information process
43
Frontal lobe
judgement, speaking, planning
44
Parietal lobe
spatial processing, sensory input for touch and body position
45
Occipital lobe
Receive visual information
46
Temporal lobe
Auditory, opposite ear, object recognition
47
Association Areas
(prefrontal and parietal- temporal-occipital) are where different modalities combine, attention is shifted, planning occurs, and memories are stored
48
Broca's Area
language processing, motor part of speech + non-fluent aphasia + can understand but difficulty actually verbally forming words | Remember: broken speech
49
Wernicker's area
language development/meaning + fluent aphasia + can form words but trouble understanding meaning | Remember: what does that mean?
50
Plasticity
brain's ability to change + after damage + with new experiences + childhood
51
Neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
52
Brain: Left side
+ right motor functions + quick literal interpretations of language + language ( spoken or signed ) + speech + math
53
Brain: right side
+ left motor functions + inferences + modulate speech + self awareness + perceptual tasks
54
Corpus callosum
+ connects left and right hemispheres of the brain + hundreds of millions of neurons
55
Dual track mind
the two minds that operate at the same time inside our one brain.
56
Dual processing
info processed on two tracks at the same time
57
Parallel processing
Same time + ex, texting while walking
58
Sequential processing
One after the other + ex. new tasks- texting while dribbling a basketball
59
Genes
units of heredity in chromosomes
60
Twin studies
shared family environment has little to no discernible impact on the child's personality
61
Heritability
Heritability = 0 genetics has nothing to do with it Heritability= 1 entirely based on genetics + **property of the population not individual**
62
Epigenetics
“In addition to” genetics; how environment influences gene expression (trigger) + social experiment + experiences + physical enviroment
63
social scripts
cultural guide about how to act in certain situations
64
consciousness
awareness of ourselves and our enviroment
65
circadian rhythm
physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle
66
NREM 1 - 10 mins
+ alpha waves drop + heart rate slows + hypnagogic hallucinations
67
NREM 2 - 20 mins
**sleep spindles**- bursts a rapid brain activity + relatively easy to wake up from
68
NREM 3 - 30 mins
+ delta waves, slow + hard to awake + children sometimes wet the bed at this stage
69
REM
+ 1st ten minutes: rapid brain waves + heart rate increases + hallucinatory dreams + motor cortex blocked + sleep paralysis
70
Paradoxical sleep
brain arousal, body is calm
71
Why do we sleep?
1) protection (evolutionary approach) 2) recuperation + rid of toxic waste + immune + brain tissue 3) build memories + consolidates memories + strengthen neural connections 4) creative thinking 5) growth
72
parasomnias
disruptive sleep disorders
73
sleep disorder
+ narcolepsy - contiously falling asleep + sleep apnea - breathing incorrectly while sleeping + night terrors - non dream nightmares during NREM 4 (can’t be woken)
74
what we dream
+ Themes + failure to do something + being attacked, pursued , or rejected + Trauma + Musicians + blindness + media
75
manifest content
what you dream/remember
76
Latent
underlying meaning
77
Depressants
+ reduce neural activity ex. + alcohol + barbiturates + opiates
78
Stimulants
+ excites neural activity ex. + caffeine +nicotine +meth + crack
79
Hallucinogens
+ psychedelics, distort perception of reality + near death experience
80
Opiates effects (Rx and street)
long term use body stops producing its own endorphins
81
Ecstasy/ MDMA / Molly effects
psychological effect: dump serotonin and block reuptake = rise in serotonin Long term effects: decrease natural produce of serotonin
82
Activation synthesis
REM sleep triggers random memories from the day, which are then woven into stories by our sleeping brain to make sense of them
83
Cognitive development - dreams
Dream content reflects the dreamer’s cognitive development – their knowledge and understanding (kids dreams are slideshows, while in adult dreams the dreamer plays an influential role.)
84
Schizophrenia: Neurontransmitter
glutamate
85
Alzheimers: Neurontransmitter
Acetylcholine
86
Parkinsons disease: Neurontransmitter
Lack of Dopamine

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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