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Biology 2401 > unit 7 micro > Flashcards

unit 7 micro Flashcards

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1
Q

pathology is

A

the study of diseases

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2
Q

etiology is

A

the cause of disease, typically the causative organism

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3
Q

pathogenesis is

A

the progression of a disese

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4
Q

infection occurs when a person is

A

colonized with a microbe with NO change in the state of health

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5
Q

disease occurs when a person is

A

colonized with a microbe with A change in state of health

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6
Q

a pathogen is a

A

microorganism that can cause a disease

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7
Q

the microbiome is all the

A

microorganisms associated with a certain species

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8
Q

normal flora (resident microbiota) are

A

microorganisms that constantly live in/on our bodies

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9
Q

transient flora (transient microbiota) are

A

microorganisms that are temporarily found in/on our bodies

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10
Q

competitive inhibition is

A

the mechanism in which our normal flora protects us

occupies all available sites, competes for nutrients, and prevents pathogen

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11
Q

symbiotic relationships are

A

partnerships or associations between 2 species

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12
Q

mutualism

A

2 species that benefit from each other (E. coli which obtains nutrients in our intestine, in exchange for making vitamin K)

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13
Q

commensalism

A

one partner benefits while the other is unaffected (S. epidermidis uses dead skin cells as nutrients)

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14
Q

parasitism

A

one partner benefits at the cost of the other partner

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15
Q

sign

A

an objective and measurable deviation from normal structure or functioning of the host (temperature, blood pressure)

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16
Q

symptom

A

a subjective deviation from normal functioning of the host, and are felt or experienced by the patient (pain, headache)

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17
Q

syndrome

A

a group of signs or symptoms characteristics of a particular disease (toxic shock syndrome)

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18
Q

asymptomatic/subclinical

A

a disease with no noticeable signs or symptoms

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19
Q

a communicable infectious disease

A

is capable of being spread from person to person

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20
Q

a contagious disease is

A

easily spread from person to person

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21
Q

a zoonotic disease is

A

a disease that can be transmitted from non-human hosts to humans

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22
Q

a non-communicable infectious disease

A

is not spread from one person to another

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23
Q

an acute disease is

A

one where the pathogenic changes occur over a relatively short time and involve a rapid onset of disease conditions (flu)

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24
Q

a chronic disease is

A

where pathogenic changes occur over longer time spans, with continued replication of the causative pathogen (liver inflammation)

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25
Q

a latent disease is

A

where the causative pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication (herpes)

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26
Q

the morbidity rate is

A

the percentage or number of individuals with a disease

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27
Q

the prevalence measures

A

one aspect of morbidity, which is the number of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time

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28
Q

the incidence measures

A

another aspect of morbidity, which is the number of new cases in a period of time

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29
Q

the mortality rate is

A

the percentage or number of individuals that have died from that disease

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30
Q

a sporadic disease is

A

one seen only occasionally and usually without geographic concentration (tetanus)

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31
Q

an endemic disease is

A

one that is constantly present within a particular geographic region (common cold)

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32
Q

an epidemic disease is

A

one where a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region (influenza)

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33
Q

a pandemic disease is

A

an epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale (COVID)

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34
Q

incubation period

A

occurs after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host

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35
Q

prodromal period

A

patient feels general signs and symptoms of the illness

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36
Q

period of illness

A

signs and symptoms are the most severe

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37
Q

period of decline

A

signs and symptoms begin to decrease

the patient is susceptible to secondary infections

38
Q

period of convalesence

A

recovery phase, where the patient generally returns to normal functioning

39
Q

in which stages is the patient contagious

A

all stages

40
Q

describe the purpose of koch’s postulates

A

to determine etiology, or to correlate a specific disease

41
Q

postulate 1 & exceptions

A

suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals

normal flora - many people can be colonized with pathogens but not present any signs/symptoms of disease

42
Q

postulate 2 & exceptions

A

the suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture

not all microbes can be cultured. for example, viruses and some species of bacteria

43
Q

postulate 3 & exceptions

A

infected healthy test subject (who was susceptible) must develop the same signs and symptoms as before

ethical issues, especially if the diseases only have human hosts. it would not be appropriate to deliberately infected

not everyone is equally susceptible, due to predisposing factors and strength of immune system

44
Q

postulate 4 & exceptions

A

pathogen must be re-isolated and is identical to the pathogen isolated in part 2

some pathogens can cause multiple disease

some diseases are caused by multiple pathogens

45
Q

pathogenicity is

A

the ability of a microbial agent to cause a disease

46
Q

virulence is

A

the degree to which an organism can cause disease

47
Q

infectious dose or ID50 is

A

used to quantify the number of pathogenic cells or virions to cause an active infection in 50% of inoculated animals

** the lower the ID50, the smaller number of cells/virions required to cause an active infection

48
Q

a reservoir is

A

a living organism or nonliving site that allows pathogens to replicate and survive over long periods of time, such as:

humans = if they do not display any symptoms, then they are referred to as carriers
animals = zoonoses
nonliving sites include water, air, food

49
Q

transmission:

contact transmission - direct:

A

through actions such as kissing, touching, sex, or droplet sprays

can include contact between mucus membranes, can be site-specific

50
Q

indirect contact:

A

involves the use inanimate objects called fomite that become contaminated (towels, doorknob)

51
Q

vehicle transmission

A

transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as food/water, usually because of poor sanitation methods

or transmission of pathogens through air (airborne), due to aerosols where dust and fine particles can travel long distances

52
Q

vector transmission

A

mechanical occurs when an animal carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself

biological occurs when the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another

includes arthropod vectors (mosquitoes) & non-arthropod vectors (mammals)

53
Q

stages of pathogenesis:

portal of entry

A

the anatomic site of entry
skin = where the pathogen enters or causes infection
mucus membranes = includes respiratory tract, GI
parenteral = where the pathogen enters through a wound in the skin (cut) or due to invasive procedures (IV)

54
Q

stages of pathogenesis:

portal of exit

A

pathogens typically exit the body the way it entered

55
Q

describe mechanisms for adherence

A

bacteria: fimbriae, capsule, adhesions
viruses: spikes, fibres
helminths: hooks, suckers

56
Q

ways pathogens penetrate host: endocytosis

A

where cells are forced to uptake the pathogen; this can be done through the production of proteins called invasins

57
Q

ways pathogens penetrate host: phagocytosis

A

where specific white blood cells will actively consume pathogens, but rather than being digested, the pathogens take over and replicate inside phagocytes

58
Q

mechanisms pathogens developed to avoid host’s defenses

A
  • cell structure such as capsule, or molecules = M protein & mycolic acid, can be used to evade phagocytosis
  • enzymes that prevent antibody-mediated killing are called lg proteases
  • enzymes that trigger the formation of blood clots, enabling bacteria to hide are called coagulases
  • enzymes the dissolve blood clots, allowing bacteria to escape are called kinases
  • the alteration of surface proteins to make the pathogen no longer recognizable is called antigenic variation
59
Q

local infection is

A

where the pathogen is contained to a small location

60
Q

systemic infection is

A

where the pathogen spread throughout the body

61
Q

sepsis can occur in a systemic infection where

A

the microbes and/or toxins trigger an inflammation response so severe that the inflammation damages the body more than the infection itself

62
Q

a primary infection occurs

A

in a host regardless of the host’s resident microbiota or immune system (common cold)

63
Q

a secondary or opportunistic infection occurs

A

in situations that have already compromised the host’s defenses (yeast infection)

64
Q

glycohydrolases

A

degrades connective tissue by separating cells, allowing for pathogens to pass deeper in the body

65
Q

nucleases

A

degrades webs of DNA, produced by the immune system, to leave a cell and spread to other tissues

66
Q

phospholipases

A

degrades cell membranes to escape phagocytosis or lead to lysis of target cells

67
Q

proteases

A

digests proteins to amino acids, allowing the pathogen to pass deeper into the body

68
Q

toxin

A

produced by microorganisms that can harm cells/tissues or trigger damaging immune responses

69
Q

toxigenicity

A

the ability to produce toxins

70
Q

toxemia

A

presence of toxins in the blood

71
Q

production for endo/exo

A

exotoxins = produced inside some bacteria as part of their metabolism and then secreted

endotoxins = produced as part of a component of the outer membrane of the cell wall (lipid A - part of the lipopolysaccharide) released during cell lysis or multiplication

72
Q

type of molecule for endo/exo

A

exotoxins: protein, often enzymes; (heat-labile)
endotoxins: lipid (heat-stable)

73
Q

type of bacteria for endo/exo

A

exotoxins: mainly gram-positive, some gram-negative
endotoxins: only gram-negative

74
Q

relative amount needed to be toxic for endo/exo

A

exotoxins: small amount
endotoxins: large amount

75
Q

effects for endo/exo

A

exotoxins: specific
endotoxins: non-specific

76
Q

exotoxins: A-B exotoxins

A

contains an active A component and a binding B component (tetanus toxin)

77
Q

exotoxins: cytolytic toxins

A

leads to lysis of host cells (C. difficile)

78
Q

exotoxins: superantigens

A

leads to a very intense immune response, leading to a sudden release of cytokines (toxic shock)

79
Q

endotoxins

A

no further types, all endotoxin lead to the same general symptoms of fever, muscle aches, nausea but will vary in severity (EHEC)

80
Q

epidemiology is

A

the study of geographical location, timing, occurrence and transmission of disease (includes etiology)

81
Q

observational studies

A

information is gathered, subjects are not manipulated

82
Q

types of observational studies

A

descriptive & analytical epidemiology

83
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

gathers information about a disease outbreak, allowing initial hypotheses to be formed (interviews with patients, examinations)

84
Q

analytical epidemiology

A

selects specific groups to form more stronger hypotheses regarding causes of disease outbreaks

-data collected through: retrospective studies gather data from the past, prospective studies follow individuals and monitor their disease state

85
Q

cohort method

A

follows or studies a group of people who share a characteristic

86
Q

case control method

A

compares people with and without a disease, allowing scientists to determine the factors that can cause a disease

87
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

analyze a random group of individuals and compares them to determine prevalence

88
Q

experimental studies

A

evaluating hypotheses formed to study connections between diseases and possible causes/treatments

subjects are manipulated through clinical studies

efficacy of drugs, dietary items, physical exercise

use of double-blind studies to decrease bias - neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is a treatment case or not

89
Q

healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections

A

infection acquired at a healthcare facility, but not the initial cause for being in the facility

90
Q

3 main factors that lead to increased prevalence of HAI

A
  1. high prevalence of pathogens: sick patients can be carriers, plus the large variety of pathogens present
  2. weakened immune systems: patients can be immunocompromised due to illness, medication or have had invasive procedures that allows for pathogen entry
  3. chain of transmission exists: people can be a direct link, or also fomites can indirectly transmit pathogens
91
Q

describe top 3 sites of HAI from most to least common; name 3 common pathogens

A
  1. surgical site infection (S. aureus, epidermidis) & pneumonia (S. pneumoniae)
  2. urinary tract infections (E. coli, S. epidermidis & aureus)
  3. primary bloodstream infections (S. aureus & epidermidis)
92
Q

universal precautions are

A

referred to as infection control procedures, meaning treating all blood and body fluids as potentially infectious to decrease transmission, wearing PPE, proper cleaning of all hospital equipment prior to invasive procedures, handwashing to prevent transmission

Biology 2401 (30 decks)

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