Unit 2

Question 1

4 fundamental components of a cell

Answer 1

1. cell membrane / plasma
2. chromosomes (nucleic acids)
3. ribosomes
4. cytoplasm

Question 2

what does the nucleus do?

Answer 2

stores genetic information

Question 3

plasma membrane?

Answer 3

consists of a phospholipid bilayer and may contain cholesterol in humans

Question 4

ribosomes?

Answer 4

used to make proteins

Question 5

mitochondria?

Answer 5

used in the formation of ATP

Question 6

lysosome?

Answer 6

contains digestive enzymes, and plays a role in phagocytosis

Question 7

Replication of DNA enzyme:

Answer 7

DNA polymerase

Question 8

Transcription - mRNA synthesized using DNA as a template, enzyme:

Answer 8

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Question 9

translation - proteins are synthesized using mRNA as template, requires:

Answer 9

ribosomes

Question 10

size comparison b/w euk & pro

Answer 10

euk - larger

pro - smaller

Question 11

DNA - genome location

Answer 11

euk - nucleus & DNA packaged using histones

pro - nucleoid (not surrounded by membrane)

Question 12

DNA - # of chromosomes

Answer 12

euk - multiple

pro - one

Question 13

DNA - # of copies of each gene

Answer 13

euk - diploid

pro - haploid

Question 14

DNA - shape of chromosomes

Answer 14

euk - linear

pro - circular

Question 15

DNA - plasmids = extrachromosomal DNA that does not carry essential genes

Answer 15

euk - absent

pro - present

Question 16

Cell division

Answer 16

euk - mitosis

pro - binary fission

Question 17

genetic variation

Answer 17

euk - meiosis

pro - horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

types of horizontal gene transfer:

1. transformation
2. transduction
3. conjugation

Answer 18

1. take up DNA from environment
2. bacteriophage (virus attacks bacteria) transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
3. one bacterium directly transfers DNA to another using a pilus

Question 19

membrane-bound organelles

Answer 19

euk - present

pro - absent

Question 20

ribosomes e / p

Answer 20

euk - free and bound

pro - free (smaller & less dense than euk)

Question 21

plasma membrane: structure & presence of sterols

Answer 21

euk - phospholipid bilayer & present

pro - phospholipid bilayer & absent

Question 22

cell wall - component

Answer 22

euk:
protozoans & helminths: none
algae: silica or cellulose
fungi: chitin
pro:
archaea: pseudopeptidoglycan
bacteria: peptidoglycan

Question 23

describe structure of peptidoglycan

Answer 23

multiple polysaccharides of alternating G & M, cross-linked with peptide chains

Question 24

gram positive

Answer 24

thick peptidoglycan layer
teichoic acids embedded, used to stabilize layer
no outer membrane
no periplasm

Question 25

gram negative

Answer 25

``` thin peptidoglycan layer no teichoic acids contains outer membrane outside of layer lipopolysaccharide & lipoproteins periplasm - gel material b/w outer membrane & peptidoglycan ```

Question 26

glycocalyx - extracellular later

Answer 26

euk - present pro - present: capsule - rigid and organized slime layer - loosely attached & less organized

Question 27

positive phototaxis

Answer 27

toward stimulus (light)

Question 28

negative phototaxis

Answer 28

away stimulus (light)

Question 29

structures used for movement

Answer 29

``` euk: protozoa: psuedopods, cilia, flagella algae: flagella fungi & helminths: no movement pro: flagella ```

Question 30

flagella movement in aqueous solution

Answer 30

euk: undulating pro: rotating

Question 31

atrichous

Answer 31

no flagella

Question 32

monotrichous

Answer 32

one flagella

Question 33

lophotrichous

Answer 33

tuff flagella

Question 34

amphitrichous

Answer 34

flagella at both ends

Question 35

peritrichous

Answer 35

flagella all over surface run: all flagella are rotating counterclockwise tumble: all flagella are rotating clockwise

Question 36

structures only found in prokayotes

Answer 36

inclusions: storages of excess nutrients (gas vesicles used to control buoyance) fimbriae: short bristle-like appendages and used for attachment pilus: long protein appendages used for DNA transfer

Question 37

location of metabolism in eukaryotes

Answer 37

cytoplasm, mitochondria

Question 38

location of metabolism in prokaryotes

Answer 38

cytoplasm

Question 39

aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotes

Answer 39

glucose -> glycolysis/E-D pathway -> acetyl CoA formation (krebs cycle) -> regeneration of NAD+ using ETC -> ATP formation

Question 40

anaerobic cellular respiration inorganic molecules

Answer 40

nitrate + electrons = nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas sulfate + electrons = hydrogen sulfide carbonate + electrons = methane

Question 41

fermentation

Answer 41

glucose -> glycolysis -> regeneration of NAD+ using fermentation pathways -> ATP formation

Question 42

fermentation: O2 & ETC not present, regeneration of NAD+ is:

Answer 42

1. lactic acid: pyruvate + NADH -> lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate final electron acceptor 2. ethanol fermentation: a. pyruvate -> CO2 + acetaldehyde b. acetaldehyde + NADH = ethanol + NAD+ acetaldehyde is final electron acceptor

Question 43

lipid catabolism

Answer 43

secrete extracellular lipases -> breakdown triglycerides to fatty acids -> B-oxidation to form acetyl-coa -> enter krebs

Question 44

protein catabolism

Answer 44

secrete extracellular proteases -> break down protein to amino acids -> deaminases used to remove amino group from amino acid -> releases ammonium -> remaining carbon chain is metabolized

Question 45

photo =

Answer 45

capable of photosynthesis for ATP formation

Question 46

chemo =

Answer 46

relies on chemicals for ATP formation

Question 47

auto =

Answer 47

can use both organic (glucose) & inorganic carbon (CO2)

Question 48

hetero =

Answer 48

can only use organic carbon