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Biology 2401 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 fundamental components of a cell

A
  1. cell membrane / plasma
  2. chromosomes (nucleic acids)
  3. ribosomes
  4. cytoplasm
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2
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

stores genetic information

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3
Q

plasma membrane?

A

consists of a phospholipid bilayer and may contain cholesterol in humans

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4
Q

ribosomes?

A

used to make proteins

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5
Q

mitochondria?

A

used in the formation of ATP

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6
Q

lysosome?

A

contains digestive enzymes, and plays a role in phagocytosis

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7
Q

Replication of DNA enzyme:

A

DNA polymerase

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8
Q

Transcription - mRNA synthesized using DNA as a template, enzyme:

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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9
Q

translation - proteins are synthesized using mRNA as template, requires:

A

ribosomes

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10
Q

size comparison b/w euk & pro

A

euk - larger

pro - smaller

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11
Q

DNA - genome location

A

euk - nucleus & DNA packaged using histones

pro - nucleoid (not surrounded by membrane)

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12
Q

DNA - # of chromosomes

A

euk - multiple

pro - one

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13
Q

DNA - # of copies of each gene

A

euk - diploid

pro - haploid

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14
Q

DNA - shape of chromosomes

A

euk - linear

pro - circular

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15
Q

DNA - plasmids = extrachromosomal DNA that does not carry essential genes

A

euk - absent

pro - present

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16
Q

Cell division

A

euk - mitosis

pro - binary fission

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17
Q

genetic variation

A

euk - meiosis

pro - horizontal gene transfer

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18
Q

types of horizontal gene transfer:

  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. conjugation
A
  1. take up DNA from environment
  2. bacteriophage (virus attacks bacteria) transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
  3. one bacterium directly transfers DNA to another using a pilus
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19
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

euk - present

pro - absent

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20
Q

ribosomes e / p

A

euk - free and bound

pro - free (smaller & less dense than euk)

21
Q

plasma membrane: structure & presence of sterols

A

euk - phospholipid bilayer & present

pro - phospholipid bilayer & absent

22
Q

cell wall - component

A 
euk:
protozoans & helminths: none
algae: silica or cellulose
fungi: chitin
pro:
archaea: pseudopeptidoglycan
bacteria: peptidoglycan
23
Q

describe structure of peptidoglycan

A

multiple polysaccharides of alternating G & M, cross-linked with peptide chains

24
Q

gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan layer
teichoic acids embedded, used to stabilize layer
no outer membrane
no periplasm

25
Q

gram negative

A 
thin peptidoglycan layer
no teichoic acids
contains outer membrane outside of layer
lipopolysaccharide & lipoproteins
periplasm - gel material b/w outer membrane & peptidoglycan
26
Q

glycocalyx - extracellular later

A

euk - present
pro - present:
capsule - rigid and organized
slime layer - loosely attached & less organized

27
Q

positive phototaxis

A

toward stimulus (light)

28
Q

negative phototaxis

A

away stimulus (light)

29
Q

structures used for movement

A 
euk:
protozoa: psuedopods, cilia, flagella
algae: flagella
fungi & helminths: no movement
pro: flagella
30
Q

flagella movement in aqueous solution

A

euk: undulating
pro: rotating

31
Q

atrichous

A

no flagella

32
Q

monotrichous

A

one flagella

33
Q

lophotrichous

A

tuff flagella

34
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella at both ends

35
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all over surface

run: all flagella are rotating counterclockwise
tumble: all flagella are rotating clockwise

36
Q

structures only found in prokayotes

A

inclusions: storages of excess nutrients (gas vesicles used to control buoyance)
fimbriae: short bristle-like appendages and used for attachment
pilus: long protein appendages used for DNA transfer

37
Q

location of metabolism in eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm, mitochondria

38
Q

location of metabolism in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

39
Q

aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotes

A

glucose -> glycolysis/E-D pathway -> acetyl CoA formation (krebs cycle) -> regeneration of NAD+ using ETC -> ATP formation

40
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration inorganic molecules

A

nitrate + electrons = nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas
sulfate + electrons = hydrogen sulfide
carbonate + electrons = methane

41
Q

fermentation

A

glucose -> glycolysis -> regeneration of NAD+ using fermentation pathways -> ATP formation

42
Q

fermentation: O2 & ETC not present, regeneration of NAD+ is:

A
  1. lactic acid: pyruvate + NADH -> lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate final electron acceptor
  2. ethanol fermentation:
    a. pyruvate -> CO2 + acetaldehyde
    b. acetaldehyde + NADH = ethanol + NAD+
    acetaldehyde is final electron acceptor
43
Q

lipid catabolism

A

secrete extracellular lipases -> breakdown triglycerides to fatty acids -> B-oxidation to form acetyl-coa -> enter krebs

44
Q

protein catabolism

A

secrete extracellular proteases -> break down protein to amino acids -> deaminases used to remove amino group from amino acid -> releases ammonium -> remaining carbon chain is metabolized

45
Q

photo =

A

capable of photosynthesis for ATP formation

46
Q

chemo =

A

relies on chemicals for ATP formation

47
Q

auto =

A

can use both organic (glucose) & inorganic carbon (CO2)

48
Q

hetero =

A

can only use organic carbon

Biology 2401 (30 decks)

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