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Biology 2401 > unit 3 - 2401 > Flashcards

unit 3 - 2401 Flashcards

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1
Q

fungal cell membranes contain

A

ergosterols

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2
Q

fungal cell walls contain

A

chitin

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3
Q

fungal 2 forms:

A

multicellular: mold
unicellular: yeast

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4
Q

fungi can reproduce through:

A

sexual reproduction = gametes
asexually =
mitosis: equal division
budding: unequal division
fragmentation: part of structure breaks off
spores: specific cell types used for reproduction

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5
Q

what is a disease caused by fungi called

A

mycosis

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6
Q

superficial mycosis is

A

fungal infection of the epidermis, hair and nails with no keratin digestion

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7
Q

cutaneous mycosis (tineas) is

A

fungal infection of the epidermis, hair and nails with keratin digestion

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8
Q

examples of tineas

A

ring worm, athlete’s foot

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9
Q

microbes that cause cutaneous mycosis are

A

dermatophytes

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10
Q

subcutaneous mycosis is

A

fungal infection into the deeper tissues (past dermis)

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11
Q

systemic mycosis is

A

fungal infection that has spread throughout the body

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12
Q

opportunistic mycosis is

A

fungal infection that occurs when a patient is immunocompromised

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13
Q

name 2 toxins that are produced by fungi, and their effects

A

ergot toxin - effects: gangrenous ergotism leads to vasoconstriction & convulsive ergotism targets central nervous system = mania & hallucinations

aflatoxin - opportunistic fungal pathogen that can be consumed (cancer) or inhaled (chronic pulmonary disease)

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14
Q

what are algae classified as

A

photoautotrophs because they contain specific pigment i

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15
Q

diatoms contain what in cell wall and produce what toxin

A

silica & domoic acid

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16
Q

diatoms consumed by shellfish > accumulation of toxin > shellfish consumed by other animal > bioaccumulation > high enough concentrations lead to…? & what are symptoms

A

domoic acid toxicosis & diarrhea, memory loss

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17
Q

dinoflagellates contain what in cell wall & what toxin

A

cellulose & (2) flagella && saxitoxins

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18
Q

when dinoflagellates algae bloom, what does it cause? What are the symptoms?

A

red tide
bioaccumulation can occur and lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning
symptoms: numbness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, severe: respiratory failure & death

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19
Q

what form of protozoa is where growth and feeding occur in hosts?

A

trophozoite

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20
Q

protozoan equivalent of bacterial endospores

A

cysts

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21
Q

sexual reproduction in protozoans

A

production of gametes (meiosis)

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22
Q

asexual reproduction in protozoans

A

binary fission - equal division 2 cells
budding - unequal division
schizogony - multiple fission into several cells

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23
Q

products of schizogony and stored as?

A

merozoites & schizonts

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24
Q

definitive host

A

where sexual reproduction occurs, or the primary host

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25
Q

intermediate host

A

where asexual reproduction occurs or secondary host

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26
Q

what disease has humans as the only host (protozoans)

A

amoebiasis

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27
Q

amoebiasis is transmitted through

A

fecal-oral route

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28
Q

symptoms and complications of amoebiasis

A

symptoms: diarrhea, mucus, pain, flatulence
complications: formation of cysts, chronic inflammation

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29
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

extreme fever and chills, anemia

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30
Q

full life cycle of malaria has what hosts?

A

definitive host: mosquito

intermediate: humans

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31
Q

full life cycle of malaria

A
  1. mosquito bites humans & inject sporozoites
  2. sporozoites travel to liver
  3. in liver cells, sporozoites undergo schizogony to form schizonts that release merozoites
  4. merozoites move to bloodstream & infect RBC
  5. merozoites develop into trophozoites
  6. RBC lyse, leading to release of trophozoites
  7. trophozoites either: form more merozoites (leading to step 5/6) or form gametes
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32
Q

what disease can be transmitted through the placenta to fetus

A

toxoplasmosis

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33
Q

2 hosts of toxoplasmosis

A

definitive: cats
intermediate: humans

34
Q

full life cycle toxoplasmosis

A
  1. oocysts shed in cat feces
  2. humans get infected by: ingesting contaminated food, consuming undercooked meat of infected animal, via placenta
  3. inside intermediate host - oocysts become tachyzoites travelling to neural & muscle tissue to form cysts
  4. cats can be re-infected if consume infected intermediate hosts or infected food
35
Q

parasitic helminths rely on host for survival, & compared to their free-living counterparts, will have reduced:

A

digestive systems - don’t need to digest food
nervous systems - do not need to search for food or regulate body temp
locomotor - do not need to run from predators

36
Q

why do parasitic helminths have increased reproductive systems

A

to ensure survival of their species

37
Q

flatworms are called

A

platyhelminths

38
Q

what does monoecious mean with regard to flatworms

A

they have both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual

39
Q

2 types of platyhelminths

A
  1. flukes = non-segmented worms w/ oral sucker

2. tapeworms = segments called proglottids & have scolex w/ hooks for attachment

40
Q

what are roundworms called

A

nematodes

41
Q

what disease occurs with humans as definitive hosts & snails as intermediate hosts

A

schistosomiasis / snail fever

42
Q

full life cycle of snail fever

A
  1. urine/feces containing eggs are released into freshwater
  2. eggs hatch in the water and develop to the miracidia form, which infect snails
  3. inside snails, the miracidia mature to cercariae form, which leaves snail & enters water
  4. the cercariae form can penetrate the skin of swimmers & migrate to bloodstream
  5. worm then matures to adult form, mates and then releases eggs
  6. eggs travel through bloodstream & enter various organ systems & excreted in urine or stool
43
Q

what 2 diseases are caused by tapeworms

A

taeniasis or pork tapeworm & hydatid disease

44
Q

full life cycle of pork tapeworm

A
  1. feces containing eggs are released & contaminate food/water
  2. pigs become infected when ingest contaminated food/water
  3. eggs hatch & move to muscle tissue to form cysts; worm does not develop any further
  4. humans can become infected by eating contaminated food or undercooked pork
  5. inside humans, eggs hatch > scolex attaches to intestine > development to adult worm which produces eggs > larva can form cysts in other tissues like muscle, eye, or brain leading to cysticercosis
45
Q

hydatid diseases 2 hosts are

A

definitive: dogs
intermediate: humans

46
Q

full life cycle of hydatid disease

A
  1. feces containing eggs released & contaminate food
  2. intermediate host becomes infected when ingest contaminated food, eggs hatch in small intestine > larvae cross into circulatory system
  3. larvae then move to various organs & grow into hydatid cysts
47
Q

what 2 diseases do roundworms cause

A

pinworms & ascariasis

48
Q

life cycle of pinworms

A
  1. eggs transmitted through fecal-oral route & hatch in intestine
  2. female worm leaves the colon at night to lay eggs on the perianal region
  3. leads to itching & scratching by host, who then transfers eggs to new host
49
Q

life cycle of ascariasis

A
  1. eggs transmitted through the fecal-oral route (eggs common in soil & contaminate food) & hatch in intestine
  2. worms mature by migrating around body
  3. complications include a buildup of worm masses which needs to be surgically removed
50
Q

explain why viruses are classified as obligatory intracellular parasites

A

relies on host for replication

viruses found to infect every type host cell, most can only infect specific hosts & specific cell types

51
Q

virion infect?

A

eukaryotes

52
Q

bacteriophage / phage infect?

A

bacteria

53
Q

virion structure

A

nucleic acid: DNA or RNA, single or double

capsid: helical, icosahedral, complex
envelope: embedded is spikes, non-envelope have nothing

54
Q

what is a capsid

A

protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid, which is made up of smaller subunits called capsomeres

55
Q

what is the envelope made of?

A

phospholipid layer surrounding the capsid

56
Q

bacteriophage structure?

A

genome in polyhedral capsid (head)
head is connected to a sheath
tail fibres are attached to sheath, and are involved in attachment

57
Q

lytic cycle attachment:

A

bacteriophage attaches to the specific bacterial surface recpetor

58
Q

lytic cycle penetration:

A

phage sheath contract and phage DNA enters host cell

59
Q

lytic cycle biosynthesis

A

endonucleases encoded by the phage degrade the bacterial chromosome; phage components are replicated using host bacterial resources

60
Q

lytic cycle maturation

A

phage particles spontaneously assemble

61
Q

lytic cycle lysis

A

mature phages leave the bacterium through lysis of bacterial cell

62
Q

what happens during the lytic cycle

A

bacterial cell is taken over and used to replicate new phages

63
Q

what happens during the lysogenic cycle

A

phage genome enters and integrates with the host bacterial genome

64
Q

lysogenic cycle - attachment

A

the bacteriophage attaches to the specific bacterial surface receptors

65
Q

lysogenic cycle - penetration

A

the phage sheath contracts and phage DNA enters the host cell

66
Q

lysogenic cycle - integration

A

rather than biosynthesis, phage DNA instead incorporates into the bacterial chromosome to form a prophage this occurs as a specific site on the bacterial chromosome

67
Q

lysogenic cycle - bacterial cell replication

A

the bacterial cell proceeds as normal and replicates. a bacterial cell can exist in this state for an extended period of time. sometimes the phage genome will provide extra genes for the bacterium

68
Q

lysogenic cycle - induction

A

under stressful conditions, where the phage DNA is excised out of the bacterial chromosome, and the phage lytic cycle resumes at biosynthesis

69
Q

life cycle of animal viruses - attachment

A

attaches to the target cell type by hijacking a specific surface receptor on cell

70
Q

how do enveloped and non-enveloped viruses attach to eukaryotic cells

A

enveloped: using spikes

non-enveloped: using fibres

71
Q

eukaryotic life cycle - penetration: enveloped vs non

A

virus enters cell

enveloped: enters through fusion, where the viral envelope fuses with plasma membrane & pushes capsid in
non: enter through endocytosis, where host cell forced to engulf virus forming vesicle > capsid breaks free of vesicle

72
Q

eukaryotic life cycle - uncoating

A

capsid breaks into capsomeres, exposing genome

73
Q

eukaryotic life cycle - biosynthesis

A

virus replicates its genome and proteins using host resources

74
Q

biosynthesis: DNA viruses

A

viral DNA is replicated, then transcribed to form mRNA & then translated to make viral proteins

75
Q

biosynthesis: RNA viruses

A
  • RNA genome needs to be replicated, but host cells do not have the right enzyme for this
  • RNA viruses bring own enzyme for RNA replication: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  • following replication, translation occurs to make proteins
  • DNA not involved
76
Q

biosynthesis: RNA retroviruses

A

viral genome is made of RNA

  • viral RNA converted to DNA, host doesn’t have this enzyme so much bring own for reverse transcription = reverse transcriptase
  • DNA then integrated (enzyme=integrase) into host DNA to form provirus
  • viral DNA hibernates
  • Upon specific stimulus, DNA genes activated, become transcribed to form mRNA which used for translation to form proteins
77
Q

eukaryotic life cycle - assembly

A

capsid & genome spontaneously assemble

78
Q

eukaryotic life cycle - release (enveloped v not)

A

exit from host cell

  • enveloped: exit through budding or exocytosis where the host plasma membrane is used to form viral envelope. the host cell may or may not die
  • non: exit through cell lysis, leading to cell death
79
Q

contrast acute & persistent viral infections & provide example

A

acute: virus rapidly reproduces, causing symptoms over brief time – common cold
persistent: virus can’t be cleared from person
- -latent: virus becomes hidden or dormant (herpes)
- -chronic: symptoms are recurrent as virus inactivates immune system (hepatitis C)

80
Q

what are prions

A

proteins that can cause diseases (no cell structure, no genome)
misfolded versions of a normal protein in cell
come into contact with normal protein – causes it to misfold and lose its function

81
Q

transmission of prions

A

animals to humans – eating contaminated meat

humans to humans – inheritance of genes or contact

Biology 2401 (30 decks)

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