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Biology 2401 > unit 6 quiz > Flashcards

unit 6 quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

sterilization is

A

the complete removal or killing of all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from the targeted item or environment

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2
Q

aseptic technique

A

combination of protocols used to collectively maintain sterility in clinical procedures or in a microbiology laboratory

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3
Q

commercial sterilization

A

process used to destroy common pathogens responsible for food poisoning

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4
Q

disinfection is

A

the inactivation of most microbes on an inanimate surface

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5
Q

antiseptics

A

chemicals that lead to the inactivation of most microbes on living skin or tissues

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6
Q

sanitization is

A

the cleaning of inanimate objects to remove enough microbes to achieve levels deemed safe for public health

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7
Q

degerming is

A

the process where microbial numbers are significantly reduced by gently scrubbing living tissues

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8
Q

the type of microbial control that can kill would have the suffix

A

cide

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9
Q

the type of microbial control that only inhibits microbial growth would have the suffix

A

static

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10
Q

describe the factors that can affect the effectiveness of a particular antimicrobial agent

A

amount of time needed for the agent to be in contact with the item, concentration of the agent needed, other conditions that may limit contact of the agent with the item

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11
Q

physical methods

A

can non-specifically kill cells by disrupting membranes or by damaging cellular proteins/nucleic acids

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12
Q

chemical methods

A

can work non-specifically, or specifically to kill cells; chemical safety is important when using with humans and the environment

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13
Q

disc-diffusion assay is used to

A

assess the relative effectiveness of a chemical-based antimicrobial agent

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14
Q

what situations would require sterilization cleaning

A

microbiology lab: equipment used, media

hospital: items in contact with susceptible people

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15
Q

moist heat (autoclave)

A

combines steam & heat, useful in laboratories to sterilize anything that can get wet (media, agar, glassware, final disposal of waste

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16
Q

dry heat (direct flaming or oven)

A

useful to sterilize anything can be heated (inoculation loop)

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17
Q

slow freezing

A

forms ice crystals which can damage proteins, useful only to control eukaryotic parasites

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18
Q

ionizing radiation (gamma or x rays)

A

limited use due to effects on humans, can penetrate through tissue, paper, and plastic

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19
Q

what is ionizing radiation used for

A

tissues for transplantation, materials made of paper/plastic, food

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20
Q

non-ionizing radiation (UV rays)

A

only sterilizes the surface

used for: purify water, germicidal lamps

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21
Q

filtration

A

a liquid or gas is passed through a filter with pores that physically remove microbes from passing through

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22
Q

filtration is used for

A

solutions that cannot be heated (contains vitamines or antibiotics); air/water filters

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23
Q

alkylating agents

A

main chemical capable of sterilization, but is carcinogenic

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24
Q

2 types of alkylating agents

A

2% glutaraldehyde (liquid) & ethylene oxide (gas)

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25
Q

alkylating agents used for

A

surgical equipment, hospital surfaces

ethylene oxide is a gas and can be used for heat-sensitive items or for items that getting wet would make it impractical

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26
Q

disinfection is used for

A

prevention of disease: after an outbreak, typical hospital cleaning, deeper household cleaning

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27
Q

phenol and phenolics

A

effective against gram-positive bacteria and yeast, not effective against gram-negative bacteria, viruses and endospores

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28
Q

examples of phenols

A

disinfectant: house cleaning = lysol
antiseptic: toothpastes, anti-bacterial soaps = triclosan

29
Q

heavy metals

A

effective against all cells (and also toxic to humans; not effective against endospores

30
Q

examples of heavy metals

A

disinfectant: products (clothing) embedded with silver, zinc, copper
antiseptic: silver nitrate (eyes), mouthwash containing zinc

31
Q

halogens - iodophors

A

effective against all cells (but not endospores)

examples: disinfectant: water purification
antiseptic: hand scrub prior to surgery, or cleaning of skin wounds (betadine)

32
Q

halogens - chlorine

A

effective against all cells (but typically not endospores)

disinfectant: water purification (pools); surface cleaning
bleach: this chemical is an exception and is capable of removing endospores

33
Q

alcohol (in a solution with water)

A

effective against bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses, not effective against non-enveloped viruses; also induces formation of endospores

examples: 70-90% ethanol - used to clean surfaces and for skin surfaces

34
Q

surfactants - QUATS

A

effective against bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses. Not effective against non-enveloped viruses and endospores

disinfectant: housecleaning - lysol
antiseptic: mouthwash

35
Q

peroxygens

A

effective against all cells (but not endospores)

higher concentrations are needed against endospores, viruses, and bacteria that have catalase

disinfectant: hydrogen peroxide in liquid and gas forms to clean hospitals
antiseptic: acne medication, toothpaste

36
Q

what situations would require sanitization level of cleaning

A

general cleaning

37
Q

pasteurization application

A

increase shelf-life of food items such as dairy products, alcohol, juices

38
Q

refrigeration (bacteriostatic only) application

A

short-term storage of food items or bacterial cultures

39
Q

lyophilization (bacteriostatic only) application

A

freeze-drying (rapid freezing combined with desiccation)

long term storage of bacterial cultures, long term preservation of food

40
Q

osmotic pressure (high concentration of sugar or salt) applications

A

salted foods, honeys, jams

41
Q

surfactants - soaps

A

mechanical removal of microbes through emulsification of oils and microbes into small drops, and then rinsed away
- does not contain any other antimicrobial agent

42
Q

antimicrobial drugs are

A

chemicals used to treat diseases

43
Q

narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

target only specific subsets of pathogens (penicillin)

use if the causative pathogen has been identified & minimizes damage to normal flora

44
Q

broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

target a wide variety of pathogens (tetracycline)

45
Q

broad-spectrum is used if

A
  • treatment needs to start right away
  • mixed infection with multiple causative pathogens
  • prevention of infection of invasive surgical procedures
  • failure in treatment by a narrow-spectrum antibiotic
46
Q

risks for broad-spectrum include

A
  • normal flora can be targeted which can increase the risk of developing an opportunistic infection (yeast)
  • contributes to antibiotic resistance
47
Q

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

major mode of action for bacterial antibiotics

A

prevent the formation of cell wall, making more susceptible to lysis, less side effects for humans (penicillin)

48
Q

inhibitors of membrane function

major modes of action for bacterial antibiotics

A

has detergent - like properties and can disrupt outer and plasma membranes, can be toxic to humans if ingested, so used only in the form of topical creams (polymyxin)

49
Q

inhibitors of protein biosynthesis

A

targets the ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis, less side effects as prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes (tetracycline)

50
Q

inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A

interfere with DNA replication or blocks RNA polymerase, typically has more side effects so used in combination with other antibiotics (rifampin, which blocks RNA polymerase)

51
Q

inhibitors of metabolic pathways

A

act as antimetabolites and competes with regular substrates for the same enzyme, leading to loss of function, side effects depends on the actual antibiotic (sulfonamides, blocks the synthesis of folic acid)

52
Q

kirby bauer technique

A

used to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic; similar to the disc diffusion assay where a more effective antibiotic would exhibit a larger zone of inhibition

53
Q

explain the difficulty in development of drugs to target fungal, protozoan and helminthic infections

A

these infections are caused by pathogens that are also eukaryotic, meaning that they are more similar to human cells
as result, it is difficult to develop drugs that would only target these pathogens

54
Q

antifungal drugs

A

(miconazole)

disrupts the synthesis of ergosterols, which is the predominant sterol used in fungal plasma membranes

55
Q

antiprotozoan drug

A

(atovaquone)

affects the electron transport chain, mainly used to treat malaria

56
Q

antihelminthic drug

A

(ivermectin)

binds to chloride channels, which disrupts neuronal transmission

57
Q

first mechanism through which bacteria can resist drugs

A
  1. efflux
    - bacterium contains pumps that can transport the drug out of the cell
    - found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
58
Q

second mechanism through which bacteria can resist drugs

A
  1. drug modification or inactivation
    - chemically modify or degrade the antibiotic inactive
    - found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
59
Q

third mechanism through which bacteria can resist drugs

A
  1. prevention of cellular uptake

- smaller pores of gram-negative bacteria prevent the antibiotic from entering the cell

60
Q

fourth mechanism through which bacteria can resist drugs

A
  1. target modification
    - through mutations, the drug targets change over time due to antibiotic selection
    - e.g. the ribosomes in tetracycline-resistant bacteria have been modified through mutations over time to remain functional, but not affected by tetracycline
    - found in both gram-negative and gram-positive
61
Q

describe how antimicrobial drug resistance is a result of antimicrobial drug usage

A

due to genetic variation, there will be some cells that are resistant to drugs

62
Q

as antimicrobial drugs are used

A

susceptible cells are killed, and resistant cells will survive
over time, the proportion of drug-resistant cells will increase

63
Q

3 steps of how antimicrobial resistance is result from drugs

A
  1. normal microbes keeps opportunistic pathogens in check
  2. broad-spectrum antibiotics kill nonresistant cells
  3. drug-resistant pathogens proliferate and can cause a superinfection
64
Q

viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that

A

uses host cell machinery to replicate

65
Q

current antiviral drugs

A

neuraminidase inhibitors: target influenza viruses (prevent release of virus from host cell)
HIV infection: reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors prevent processing and maturation of HIV virions, integrase inhibitors prevent the formation of the provirus

66
Q

describe phage therapy

A

the collection and growth of bacteriophages that target the pathogens

67
Q

recent trials include

A

administering phage therapy through IV application

68
Q

advantages to phage therapy

A

will only target bacteria, specificity of bacteriophages means that normal flora is unaffected, bacteriophages are also capable of evolution, along with bacteria

Biology 2401 (30 decks)

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