unit 1 micro

Question 1

what are microorganisms

Answer 1

small organisms that require a microscope to view

Question 2

pathogen is

Answer 2

microorganisms that cause disease

Question 3

non-pathogenic roles microorganisms play

Answer 3

industrial: biofuels, medicine
food: bread, alcohol, yogurt
symbiotic: normal flora in body

Question 4

prokaryotic microorganisms include

Answer 4

bacteria & archaea

Question 5

bacteria is described as

Answer 5

unicellular organisms found in nearly every habitat on earth has diverse metabolism

Question 6

archaea is described as

Answer 6

unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments

Question 7

eukaryotic microorganisms include

Answer 7

algae, protozoa, fungi, helminths

Question 8

algae is described as

Answer 8

plant-like organisms which can be unicellular or multicellular

Question 9

protozoa is described as

Answer 9

unicellular organisms with diverse metabolisms

Question 10

fungi is described as

Answer 10

unicellular (yeast) multicellular molds, mushrooms

Question 11

helminths are described as

Answer 11

multicellular animal parasites

Question 12

viruses are:

Answer 12

acellular (no cell structure); contains only proteins and genetic material & is neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic

Question 13

what is taxonomy

Answer 13

science of classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms

Question 14

what are the levels of taxonomy

Answer 14

broad: domain
specific: genus then species

Question 15

eukaryotic definition of species

Answer 15

2 closely related organisms that can interbreed

Question 16

prokaryotic definition of species

Answer 16

a population of cells that have similar characteristics

Question 17

what is the cell theory

Answer 17

cells are the fundamental unit of organisms, includes biogenesis

Question 18

robert hooke was …

Answer 18

the first scientist to see structures that we now call cells

Question 19

anton van leeuwenhoek was

Answer 19

the first scientist to see microorganisms, using a microscope that he constructed

Question 20

spontaneous generation is

Answer 20

the idea that living things arise from non-living things

Question 21

francesco redi attempted to

Answer 21

disprove spontaneous generation

Question 22

redi hypothesized that

Answer 22

maggots appeared on meat because flies were able to lay eggs in the meat, allowing the maggots to hatch (he covered jar, preventing flies from laying eggs)

Question 23

other scientists rebuked that redi had suffocated the vital force which is essential for life, redi repeated experiment with

Answer 23

gauze

Question 24

the opposition came back suggesting that

Answer 24

spontaneous generation may occur only for microbes

Question 25

john needham attempted

Answer 25

to prove spontaneous generation

Question 26

what did john needham do to prove spontaneous generation

Answer 26

poured broth in flask, briefly boiled the broth and then sealed the flask

Question 27

what were the results of john needhams experiment

Answer 27

microbial growth in the broth

Question 28

does needhams experiment prove spontaneous generation?

Answer 28

no the flaks were most likely contaminated & the brief boil may have been insufficient

Question 29

lazzaro spallanzani attempted to

Answer 29

disprove spontaneous generation

Question 30

Spallanzani’s experiment was and his results were

Answer 30

poured broth in flask, sealed the flask and then boiled the broth & no microbial growth in broth

Question 31

Louis Pasteur did

Answer 31

disproved spontaneous generation

Question 32

what did Pasteur create

Answer 32

s-curve neck flask

Question 33

describe pasteur’s experiment

Answer 33

broth was poured into flask & boiled then cooled

Question 34

what did the curve of the neck prevent

Answer 34

microbes in the outside air from entering the flask and contaminating the broth

Question 35

aseptic technique is

Answer 35

a series of techniques used to prevent contamination

Question 36

biogenesis is

Answer 36

the theory that all cells only come from other cells

Question 37

robert remak & rudolf virchow did

Answer 37

remak - first published evidence to support this theory

virchow - popularized this theory

Question 38

germ theory is

Answer 38

is the theory that some microorganisms can cause disease

Question 39

ignaz semmelweis proposed & implemented

Answer 39

proposed that physicians were transferring the causative agent of puerperal fever to patients

implemented handwashing, but encountered lots of resistance

Question 40

pasteur provided:

Answer 40

foundation for this theory (germ) when he discovered that microorganisms could cause food to spoil

Question 41

pasteurization

Answer 41

using mild heat to control microbial growth in food without affecting taste

Question 42

joseph lister insisted

Answer 42

handwashing and cleanliness during surgery to decrease the incidence of post-surgical wound infections

Question 43

robert koch

Answer 43

proved that some bacteria can cause disease through work with cattle and anthrax

Question 44

robert koch proposed

Answer 44

a series of postulates which are used to correlate a specific microbe to a specific disease

Question 45

vaccination

Answer 45

using a less virulent pathogen to protect against a more virulent pathogen

Question 46

edward jenner

Answer 46

first vaccination

Question 47

what did jenner do

Answer 47

infected a healthy young boy with fluid from cowpox lesions… the boy became mildly ill with cowpox, but did not develop smallpox

Question 48

pasteur developed vaccines against

Answer 48

rabies, cholera

Question 49

magic bullet

Answer 49

a chemical that can kill a pathogen without affecting the host

Question 50

paul Ehrlich

Answer 50

came up with concept of magic bullet

screening many compounds, finding salvarsan to treat syphilis

Question 51

alexander fleming

Answer 51

credited with the discovery of the first antibiotic – penicillin