Unit 7 Lesson 3 Regional Conflicts

Question 1

Americans debated their function in the post–Cold War world. What did Representative Dana Rohrabacher say?

Answer 1

Some people wanted to reduce the role of the United States in world affairs. “In the post–Cold War world, we will no longer require our people to carry an unfair burden for the rest of humanity,” said Representative Dana Rohrabacher.

Question 2

Americans debated their function in the post–Cold War world. What Speaker of House Newt Grngrich?

Answer 2

Others argued that the nation must not retreat from the world. They thought that the United States had a responsibility to use its power wisely. “The United States must lead, period,” declared Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

Question 3

Americans debated their function in the post–Cold War world. How did the Presdients react to this?

Answer 3

Neither President George H.W. Bush nor President Bill Clinton reduced U.S. engagement around the world. Both believed that fostering freedom and democracy abroad would only strengthen the United States at home.

Question 4

As the former Soviet Union collapsed, the world faced a menacing challenge, what was this challenge?

Answer 4

The spread of nuclear weapons. The United States and Russia still had thousands of nuclear missiles in their possession. Other nations were developing nuclear weapons, too.

Question 5

How did US and the Old Soviet untion try to get rid of their nuclear weapons. What was the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or START?

Answer 5

The United States and the old Soviet Union had already agreed to several treaties reducing nuclear arms. In 1991, they signed the most important agreement yet, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or START. Even more reductions followed in 1993.

Question 6

What was the the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?

Answer 6

Under the treaty, nuclear powers such as the United States promised to reduce their stock of nuclear weapons and not to spread nuclear weapon technology to other nations. Nations without nuclear weapons promised not to develop them.

Question 7

Did all countries agree and follow the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?

Answer 7

A few countries, including Israel, India, and Pakistan, never agreed to this treaty. According to U.S. government sources, Israel developed nuclear weapons in the late 1960s, though Israel has never confirmed this.

Question 8

Nuclear bombs in India and Pakistan?

Answer 8

In 1998, India confirmed the worst fears of other nations when it announced that it had conducted five nuclear tests. Two weeks later, Pakistan, its neighbor and deadly rival, exploded five nuclear devices of its own. World leaders saw the tests as the beginning of a dangerous new arms race.

Question 9

How did President Clinton react to the Nuclear bombs in India and Pakistan?

Answer 9

President Clinton called for economic sanctions against both India and Pakistan but with little effect.

Question 10

What did Pakistan do?

Answer 10

Pakistan was later found to have shared nuclear weapons technology with other countries, including North Korea.

Question 11

What did Democracy promote?

Answer 11

Political freedom was spreading across the globe. With it came economic freedom, including the development of free markets with less interference from the state.

Question 12

American leadership took many forms, what were they and what is a mediator?

Answer 12

Sometimes the United States worked to influence foreign governments through quiet diplomacy or economic pressure. Sometimes it acted as a mediator. A mediator is an agent that helps conflicting parties come to an agreement. Occasionally the United States used military force, often in cooperation with other nations.

Question 13

How did Filipinos become democratic?

Answer 13

In 1986, thousands of Filipinos protested the rule of dictator Ferdinand Marcos. They accused Marcos of fraud in a recent presidential election.
Proclaiming “people power,” they refused to recognize Marcos as president. After weeks of demonstrations, the Philippine army joined the demonstrators. Marcos fled. The United States backed Corazon Aquino, the woman who had run against him. During the 1990s, the United States continued to provide economic aid for the young Filipino democracy.

Question 14

Small reforms in China?

Answer 14

During the 1980s, China did begin to build a free-market economy. However, Chinese leaders refused to accept political reforms.

Question 15

How did students and workers in China try to get deomcracy in China and what was teh result?

Answer 15

In 1989, students and workers launched a bold campaign to bring democracy to China. Hundreds of thousands gathered at Tiananmen Square in the nation’s capital, Beijing. However, the army crushed the demonstrations. Many people were killed or arrested.

Question 16

How did President George H W Bush react to what the Chinese army did to its people cause of democracy campigins?

Answer 16

President George H. W. Bush disapproved of the crackdown but took no strong action against the Chinese government. He hoped to influence China by keeping communication open.

Question 17

How did President Clinton react to what the Chinese army did to its people cause of democracy campigins?

Answer 17

President Clinton followed a similar policy. On a 1998 visit to China, he pledged to strengthen ties between the two nations. At the same time, he publicly debated human rights issues with China’s president.

Question 18

How did the fall of the Soveit Union affect Cuba?

Answer 18

The fall of the Soviet Union deprived Cuba of its main source of trade and economic aid. As the Cuban economy spiraled downward, some 30,000 Cubans fled by boat to the United States. Still, after four decades, Cuba’s communist dictatorship remained in power.

Question 19

How did US react to Cuba?

Answer 19

In 1994, the United States signed an agreement with Cuba to allow Cubans to emigrate more freely. At the same time, the United States continued to enforce a 40-year-old embargo aimed at toppling Castro.

Question 20

What was it like on the Korean Peninsula?

Answer 20

On the Korean peninsula, the Cold War remained alive. There, the armies of communist North Korea and democratic South Korea faced each other along a tense border. In the 1990s, famine struck North Korea. The famine was worsened by the economic policies of the North Korean dictator, Kim Jong Il.

Question 21

What was life like in South Africa Since 1948, what was apartheid?

Answer 21

Since 1948, the government of South Africa had enforced a policy of apartheid (uh PAHRT hayt), or strict separation of races. The nation’s nonwhite majority was segregated. By law, nonwhites and whites were required to use separate facilities. Nonwhites were allowed no voice in the government.

Question 22

How did US react to the aparthied in South Africa how what is a sanction?

Answer 22

In 1986, Congress approved economic sanctions against South Africa to force an end to apartheid. Sanctions are measures aimed at making a country change its policy. American companies were forbidden to invest in South Africa or import South African products.

Question 23

What did Soth Africa do in response of the sanctions?

Answer 23

In the 1990s, in response to sanctions, South Africa moved to end minority rule. Under a new constitution, all races were permitted to vote for the first time in 1994.

Question 24

Who was Nelson Mandela?

Answer 24

Nelson Mandela (mahn DEL uh), a black man who had spent 27 years in prison for opposing apartheid, was elected president. Mandela called for peace and reconciliation, or an agreement to come together, among South Africa’s peoples. He helped establish democracy, racial equality, and freedom in South Africa.

Question 25

After the Cold War, the nations that rejected communism struggled to adapt to their new freedoms. Why is this?

Answer 25

As the governments sold off state-run businesses to private enterprises, their economies were not able to adjust. The result was high unemployment and high inflation.

Question 26

Russian president Boris Yeltsin sought to build a stable democracy. His efforts faltered when he failed to put down an independence movement in the Russian province of Chechnya. How did US react?

Answer 26

The United States supported Yeltsin’s democratic efforts and offered the Russian government advice on transitioning to a free-market economy.

Question 27

What was Yugoslavia made up off?

Answer 27

Yugoslavia was made up of several republics, including Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Question 28

In Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia faced a civil war.

Answer 28

In 1991, Croatia and Bosnia declared their independence. However, Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia wanted to remain part of Yugoslavia. With help from Serbia, they fought to prevent the new governments from splitting away. Fighting ended quickly in Croatia but continued in Bosnia. During four years of civil war, more than 250,000 people died, including many children and teenagers.

Question 29

How did US react to the civil war in Yugoslavia?

Answer 29

To end the violence, the United States sponsored a meeting in Dayton, Ohio. There an agreement was hammered out. To help guarantee the peace agreement, President Clinton sent about 20,000 American troops to Bosnia. There, they joined NATO and Russian forces in a peacekeeping mission. The troops helped to restore order.

Question 30

Kosovo’s indepence

Answer 30

Kosovo, a province within Serbia, also sought greater independence. The Albanians living there were in the majority and resented Serbian rule.
In 1998, Serbs launched a series of attacks against Albanian rebels in Kosovo. Hundreds of thousands of Albanians fled the province. Many thousands of others were killed or wounded. President Clinton condemned the attacks as “feeding the flames of ethnic and religious division.”

In March 1999, American air forces joined the air forces of other NATO nations in bombing Serbia. This forced Serbian troops to leave Kosovo. NATO peacekeeping forces then entered the province. The violence in Kosovo ended, and a slow process of rebuilding began.

Question 31

In Nicaragua, a rebel group known as the Sandinistas overthrew a longtime dictator in 1979 and set up a socialist government. President Reagan, afraid that Nicaragua would become another Cuba, aided a group opposed to the Sandinistas. They were known as “Contras,” from the Spanish word for “against.” what was the Iran-Contra affair

Answer 31

Many members of Congress disagreed with President Reagan’s policy in Nicaragua, especially after the Sandinistas won a democratic election in Nicaragua in 1984. They passed laws banning military aid to the Contras. Even so, some people on the President’s staff arranged for military aid to the Contras secretly. They arranged to sell weapons to Iran in violation of an arms embargo against the country. The administration sent over half of the millions that Iran paid for the weapons straight to the Contras to aid in their fight.

When details of the “arms-for-hostages” deal became public, many Americans were outraged. The scandal became known as the Iran-Contra affair.

Question 32

TRagedy in Somalia

Answer 32

In 1992, American forces led a UN mission attempting to end civil war and famine in the African nation of Somalia. However, neither the American troops nor the UN were able to end the civil war. Gradually, the Americans found themselves the target of hostility. In 1993, 18 U.S. Army Rangers died in fighting while trying to restore order in the capital, Mogadishu. Shortly afterward, the United States withdrew its troops from Somalia.

Question 33

How Isreal came to be?

Answer 33

In the late 1800s, European Jews arrived in a region sometimes known as Palestine along the Mediterranean coast. They hoped to create a Jewish state in their ancient homeland. Jewish settlement grew in the 1930s as European Jews fled Nazi persecution.
In 1948, Arabs rejected a plan to divide the land into one Jewish and one Palestinian Arab state. Jews in the region announced the creation of the state of Israel. The United States and other nations quickly recognized the new nation.

Question 34

What was the Camp David Accords of 1978?

Answer 34

In the Camp David Accords of 1978, Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and Egypt agreed to recognize Israel. The two nations signed a peace treaty in 1979.