unit 7 - lecture notes

Question 1

What are three examples that can be used when understanding the effects of social deprivation?

Answer 1

1. examples of feral and isolated children.
2. Harlow’s experiments from the ‘60’s
3. Observational study by R. A. Spritz

Question 2

Who are three examples of feral or isolated children? What is notable about each one?

Answer 2

1. Wild boy of Aveyron - found in the 1800’s; had intelligence and reasoning power but spoke a different language and was missing all social aspects.
2. Oxana Malaya - found in 1991; was abandoned as an infant, mimicked dog behvaiour.
3. Genie Wiley - found in 1970; was strapped to a party chair from 20 months till when she was found.

Question 3

What are the two most notable experiments from Harlow?

Answer 3

1. Isolated monkeys for various lengths of time to see what would happen socially.
2. Had two artificial wire mother dolls, one had Terry cloth but no milk and the other had milk but no terry cloth. The experiment was to see the social behavior of baby monkeys, which wire doll they would go to for what.

Question 4

What observational study did R.A. Spritz conduct?

Answer 4

He observed a prison nursery as well as an orphanage nursery.
This study was conducted over 4 years, his conclusion was that the babies in the orphanage were socially and psychologically underdeveloped whereas some babies in the prison nursery had died.

Question 5

What are 4 features of socialization?

Answer 5

1. It is in the best interest both the individual and the society that the individual receives socialization.
2. It is a lifelong process.
3. It is never total.
4. It is trapped in the nature nurture debate.

Question 6

Socialization must occur as it’s in the best interest of both the individual and the society, why?

Answer 6

Individual - socialization is how one learns the prerequisites for functioning in a particular culture and how you become a member of your own community and culture.

Society - How societies and cultures perpetrate themselves; a method of social reproduction.

Question 7

Socialization is a life long process, what are examples of ways one is socialized throughout the course of their life?

Answer 7

Socialization occurs within your own family, in a workplace, at school, in a lifelong partnership, when you retire etc.

Question 8

The most powerful socialization happens when?

Answer 8

During childhood.

Question 9

Socialization is never total, what does this mean?

Answer 9

Individuals never fully, totally conform.

Question 10

Socialization is trapped in a nature v. nurture debate, what is the main question of this debate?

Answer 10

The debate asks the question of how much are we a product of nature and biology and how much are we a product of nurture and our social environment?

Question 11

In relation to the nature versus nurture debate, what do sociologists argue?

Answer 11

Sociologists argue that most of what makes up a person comes from our social environment.

Question 12

Nurture can sometimes shape nature, list two examples of how this can occur.

Answer 12

the social environment and conditions cause a change in biology:
ex. When someone is site impaired, they may learn to read Braille. If they do so, it will increase the size of area in the brain that controls their reading finger.
ex. High levels of aggression can result in increased levels of testosterone.

Question 13

What are the four types of socialization? What do they mean?

Answer 13

1. Primary- the basic socialization that occurs in childhood.
2. Secondary- into adulthood, new technologies, and occupations, vocations, and interests.
3. Anticipatory- adapting to the ways of a group to which one aspires but does not yet belong.
4. Resocialization- when a new role or situation requires a person to replace an established pattern of thought or behavior with a new one.

Question 14

What is an example of primary socialization?

Answer 14

1. learning language
2. individual identity
3. values

Question 15

What is an example of secondary socialization?

Answer 15

1. life partnering
2. cohabitating
3. parenting

Question 16

What is an example of anticipatory socialization?

Answer 16

A child pretending to be a teacher may be anticipatory if the child then becomes a teacher as an adult.

Question 17

What are the two types of resocialization? What is an example of resocialization for each type?

Answer 17

1. Voluntary
   ex. religious conversion, attending therapy etc.
2. Involuntary
   ex. prisoners, child soldiers etc.

Question 18

What is the purpose of total institutions? What are examples?

Answer 18

The purpose is to resocialize the individual; all aspects of life for the individual are controlled.
ex. holocaust camp, religious cults, mental hospitals etc.

Question 19

Why is symbolic interactionism relevant to the theories of socialization?

Answer 19

Symbolic interactionism is interested in individual face to face interactions. Socialization is understood by symbolic interactionists through developing an understanding on how individual consciousness is learned.

Question 20

What does Cooley’s “looking glass self” mean?

Answer 20

It’s a way of understanding how we see ourselves through the eyes of the other.

It includes:
Using a mirror then imagining how we appear to the other. Through this, we can imagine the other’s judgment of our appearance. In this way we are able to understand how we construct our own ideas of ourselves through the judgment of the other.

Question 21

In understanding Cooley’s “looking glass self,” what is important to do in adulthood?

Answer 21

It’s important to look into the mirror and be able to acknowledge when harsh judgments of the perceived other are fair and when they are not.

Question 22

What is the question to be asked when Cooley’s “looking glass self” theory is understood?

Answer 22

The question is what mirror will you allow to have the most influence in your life?

Question 23

What is concept of Mead’s, “taking the role of the other”?

Answer 23

The concept is there is an “I” and a “me.”

I is the self as subject.
ex. I want that
Me is the self as an object.
ex. They might laugh at me.

Question 24

In relation to Meads, “taking the role of the other,” what is the relevance of the self?

Answer 24

Within the self, an internal conversation is always happening between the “I” and the “me.”

In this conversation, the self acknowledges the things that you want to enact but pauses to consider, “how will that be perceived by others in my world?”

Question 25

What are the three theories of socialization? Briefly explain the relevance of each one.

Answer 25

1. Cooley's "looking glass self"- how we see ourselves through the eyes of the other. 2. Mead's, "taking the role of the other"- defining the "I" and the "me" and acknowledging the conversation that happens between them. 3. Stages of development of self- understanding the roles within a system.

Question 26

What are the three stages of development of self? What do these stages mean?

Answer 26

1. Pre-play stage- meaningless imitation. 2. Play stage- taking roles of single known others. 3. Game stage- understanding set of roles in a complex system.

Question 27

What does Erickson's "Psycho-Social Stages of Development" aim to acknowledge?

Answer 27

The theory is developmental, meaning each stage follows the next. If a stage is not met it will have negative effects regarding the stage that follows.

Question 28

There are eight stages of development according to Erickson's psycho-social stages, what ages belong to each stage?

Answer 28

1. Ages 0-1.5 2. Ages 1.5-3 3. Ages 3-6 4. Ages 6-12 5. Ages 12-20 6. Ages 20-40 7. Ages 40-65 8. Ages 65-death

Question 29

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the first stage of psycho-social development?

Answer 29

Ages 0-1.5 Basic Challenge - establishing trust Desired Outcome - hope If social needs are unmet - mistrust

Question 30

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the second stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 30

Ages 1.5-3 Basic Challenge - learning about autonomy Desired Outcome - development of a will If social needs are unmet - shame/doubt

Question 31

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the third stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 31

Ages 3-6 Basic Challenge - enacting initiative Desired Outcome - the development of a sense of purpose If social needs are unmet - guilt

Question 32

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the fourth stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 32

Ages 6-12 Basic Challenge - development of a sense of industriousness Desired Outcome - a feeling of competence If social needs are unmet - inferiority

Question 33

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the fifth stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 33

Ages 12-20 Basic Challenge - identity Desired Outcome - fidelity If social needs are unmet - role confusion

Question 34

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the sixth stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 34

Ages 20-40 Basic Challenge - intimacy Desired Outcome - love If social needs are unmet - isolation

Question 35

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the seventh stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 35

Ages 40-65 Basic Challenge - highly generative productivity Desired Outcome - developing the capacity to offer profound forms of care If social needs are unmet - stagnation

Question 36

What is the basic challenge, the desired outcome, and the result of unmet needs according to the eighth stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 36

Ages 65-death Basic Challenge - developing a deeply rooted sense of integrity Desired Outcome - wisdom If social needs are unmet - despair

Question 37

What is important to take away from Erickson's "psycho-social stages of development"?

Answer 37

Through understanding this theory, the important effect is being able to hold more grace for each other; making space for who that person is and how they've experienced life.

Question 38

What are 4 major agents of socialization? What is the purpose of their socialization?

Answer 38

1. Family- How we develop a sense of self and what our dreams and goals are. 2. Peers- First experience of equality of power. 3. School- Extensive knowledge and skills are passed down to children; the learning that the individual child is not unique. 4. Media- Profoundly shifted social contexts and expectations.

Question 39

What is the most important and most powerful form of socialization?

Answer 39

family

Question 40

In relation to family as an agent of socialization, what are five aspects of this socialization?

Answer 40

1. Conditions of child's exposure to family- When you were at your most impressionable, you were under control of your family. 2. The child is a socializer to the parent. 3. Socialization by siblings. 4. Social class- families of different classes will experience different types of socialization. 5. Ethnicity - cultures and values are learned through the socialization of ethnicity and what's expected of them.

Question 41

In regards to peers as agents of socialization, what is the significance?

Answer 41

1. Peer influence is present throughout life; peak of influence is in adolescence. 2. Content of peer socialization Who do you present yourself as to your peers?

Question 42

In regards to school as an agent of socialization, what are three aspects of socialization

Answer 42

1. Content of school socialization 2. Teachers are the first contact of adult authority; control without affection present. 3. Classmates; the child will always be compared to classmates and classmates will always evaluate the child.

Question 43

In regards to media as an agent of socialization, what is the concern regarding social media?

Answer 43

Social media is deeply addictive and can cause severe harm in a multitude of ways.

Question 44

Agents of socialization can both intentionally and unintentionally socialize, what are two profound examples of each?

Answer 44

Intentional - Family & School Unintentional - Peers & Media