chapter 4

Question 1

Primary socialization

Answer 1

First stage; children develop basic values, norms, and self.

Question 2

Secondary socialization

Answer 2

Learning the knowledge and skills needed to take part in society beyond the family.

Question 3

Van der Toorn and others studied the influence of secondary socialization on attitudes toward gay marriage. What were the two types of effects identified? Conclusions?

Answer 3

1. Direct - observed between religious beliefs and attitudes toward same sex marriage.
2. Mediating - observed from religiosity to sexual prejudice and then to attitudes toward same sex marriage.

Question 4

What are the “four Cs” that describe the experiences of survivors of Indigenous historical trauma?

Answer 4

1. Colonial in origin
2. Collectively experienced
3. Cumulative effects
4. Cross-generational impacts

Question 5

How does Lehmann describe the “hidden injuries of class” when referencing post-secondary education?

Answer 5

It’s the conflicting desires of young adults from working class families to:
- remain true to their working-class identities

while also

• wanting to assimilate to the middle-class
  culture

Question 6

What did the “hypodermic needle” theory propose?

Answer 6

It suggested that the audience was a passive recipient of messages and the media could directly influence opinions, attitudes, and behaviors.

Question 7

What does social media exacerbate?

Answer 7

Human inclination for:
- social comparison,
- and feed-back seeking.

Can lead to depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and feelings of inadequacy.

Question 8

To describe how class socialization occurs, Pierre Bourdieu introduced what idea?

Answer 8

Cultural capital - all the intangible social assets that allow a person to claim membership in a social circle as well as feel a sense of belonging.

Question 9

What is the functionalist approach to socialization?

Answer 9

Transferring norms and values through socialization provides stability in society over time.

Question 10

What is the conflict theorist approach to socialization?

Answer 10

The norms taught provide advantages and constraints in life that perpetuate existing inequalities.

Question 11

What is the feminist approach to socialization?

Answer 11

Gender roles and scripts are learned through various social institutions.

Question 12

What is the symbolic interactionist approach to socialization?

Answer 12

It is an active process that people participate in and have agency over.

Question 13

Using three core components, how did Higgens describe the self?

Answer 13

1. An actual self - described by personal characteristics
2. An ideal self - reflects how a person wishes to be
3. An “ought to be” self - reflects moral values