Unit 7 Key Terms Flashcards
Progressive Movement
Early 20th century reform movement, seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life, Muckrakers, Women’s suffrage
Muckrakers
Journalists and writers who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public.
Ida Tarbell
A leading muckraker and the one who exposed John D Rockefeller and the Standard oil company, Wrote “The History of The Standard Oil Company”
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker who made “The Jungle” which exposed the corruption of the meat packing industry, Harsh working conditions, lack of sanitation, etc
Jacob Riis
Danish immigrant who became a reporter/muckraker, Used his photography and writing skills to expose the terrible living conditions of the tenement housing where immigrants lived (New York), Wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
John Muir
A naturalist who advocated for the preservation of wilderness in the United States, Played a crucial role in the development of the national park system and parks such as Yosemite national park
Lewis Hine
A muckraker and photographer who took pictures of child laborers to expose how bad the conditions were, visited many textile mills, factories, and mines to document
Eugene V. Debbs
Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike, Later emerged as a Socialist leader in America.
Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelts program to address rising economic and social issues, 1. Conservation of Natural resources, 2. Control of Corporations (regulate big businesses), 3. Consumer protection (protect consumers from harmful business practices)
Election of 1912
- Main Candidates: Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Eugene V Debbs; the Republican party was split between Taft and the more progressive(Theodore) which allowed Wilson to win with the Democrats; Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Progressive Party but lost
Great Migration
The mass movement of African Americans from the rural south into urban areas in the North and Midwest; Driven by factors such as Jim Crow Laws and economic opportunities in the North
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art, music, and literature flourished; The Harlem Renaissance played a crucial role in shaping African American identity and contributing to broader cultural and social changes in the United States.
Harlem Hell Fighters
The 369th United States Infantry, made up of African-Americans; Spent more time in continuous combat than any American unit of its size during WW1; Acknowledged and fought together with the French
Tulsa Riot
Worst race riot in American history; An African American male was accused of assaulting a white woman leading to a mob destroying homes, schools, and churches and killing many black residents
A. Phillip Randolph
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Henry Ford
American Business and founder of Ford Motor Company; Revolutionized the assembly line
Palmer Raids
Happened during the first red scare: raids to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest and deportation of many
First Red Scare
The widespread fear of Communism in the US during the 1920s after WW1 and the Russian revolution
Schenk vs. US
ruled that 1st Amendment right of free speech is limited in the time of war and created a precedent that First Amendment guarantees are not absolute; Charles Schenck was charged under the Espionage Act for mailing printed circulars critical of the military draft; Writing for a unanimous Court, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes upheld Schenck’s conviction and ruled that the Espionage Act did not conflict with the First Amendmen
Spanish Flu
Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918 near the end of world war 1, killing more than 50 million people; The pandemic caused widespread social and economic disruptions and killed many soldiers
Theodore Roosevelt
26th president known for his conservationist and progressive policies (he was kinda both idk really; Square deal, trust-busting, progressive reforms
William H. Taft
27th president after Roosevelt - Dollar diplomacy; Continued Roosevelts trust busting and conservation efforts; Had a strained relationship with the progressives leading to the republic being split (1912 election)
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women’s suffrage; Sought 14 points post-war plan; League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification),
Warren G. Harding
29th president; Wanted a return to normalcy, moving away from Wilson’s progressive policies; Was a pro-business/ conservative (limited gov intervention)’; Died in office and had many scandals such as the TeaPot Dome scnadal
Calvin Coolidge
30th president; Continued Harding’s pro business and conservative policies; Maintained economic stability during the roaring 20s; Immigration Act of 1924 limited immigration to U.S
Herbert Hoover
31st president; Shortly after his presidency the Great Depression started; Many were unhappy with how he responded and thought he didn’t intervene enough leading to Franklin D Roosevelt beating him easily in the next election
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
32nd president primarily known for his “New Deal” during the Great Depression; Was initially keen on keeping the U.S neutral but eventually changed his mind after Pearl Harbor
Harry S. Truman
33rd president known for his work during the end of WW2 and the Cold War; Authorized the Atomic Bombs during WW2; Made the Marshal Plan and Truman Doctrine which would aid European Recovery after WW2 (primarily to guard them against communism)
Charles Lindbergh
First person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean non stop; His kid got kidnapped and killed; Became very controversial for openly praising Nazi Germany believing they were unbeatable; Also did some antisemitic speeches
The Wright Brothers
Pioneers in aviation who did the first powered and controlled flight
Huey Long
Controversial Louisiana senator who was later assassinated; Known for his “share the wealth” program where he wanted radical redistributions of wealth
Jesse Owens
African American athlete who won 4 gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics; Blow to the Nazis proving the Aryans were not a superior race
16th Amendment
Allows the federal government to collect income tax; expanded the federal government’s revenue-raising capabilities and played a crucial role in financing government activities, especially during times of war and economic challenges
17th Amendment
Established the direct election of senators by the public (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages, Started Prohibition; Later repealed by the 21st Amendment
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
20th Amendment
sets terms for the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and members of Congress; Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th; “Lame-duck” Amendment
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition (18th amendment)
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment; sought to address issues related to the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on individuals and society; quickly became one of the largest and most influential women’s organizations of its time
Francis Willard
Founder of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union; Major leader in prohibition and women’s rights
Carrie Nation
American activist and radical member of the temperance movement, known for her aggressive and often violent tactics against establishments that sold alcoholic beverages; Went into bars with axes and destroyed stuff
Prohibition
the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment; People found loopholes such as religious ceremonies, becoming pharmacists, and making their own acohol.
Susan B Anthony
Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for women’s rights, the temperance movement, and was an abolitionist; one of the founders of the National Woman Suffrage Association
Carrie Chapman Catt
A women suffragettest who was president of the National American Women’s Suffrage Association and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Formed by the Union of AWSA and NWSA; The merger aimed to present a more cohesive and effective front in the fight for women’s voting rights
Alice Paul
Women Suffragists who broke off from the NAWSA to for the National Women’s Party; campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution (thought laws protecting only women made them inferior)
National Women’s Party
Founded by Alice Paul and was more militant; Wanted female suffrage amendment; Did stuff like the silent sentinels where they stood outside the Whitehouse to protest
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by German submarines; Led to the death of over 100 Americans and help sway America into joining World War 1
Zimmerman Telegram
A message sent to Mexico from Germany basically telling them to join the war and they would give back the territory the U.S got from them; Intercepted by the U.S and was a factor to the U.S joining WW1
John J Perishing
Commander of the American expeditionary force in Europe during world war 1; He played a crucial role in organizing, training, and leading American forces on the Western Front
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, an end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a league of nations.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I; Forced Germany to pay reparations and demilitarize; Would eventually cause economic/political unrest in Germany, contributing to the rise of Hitler and WW2
Scopes Trial
1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution; Scopes would eventually be found guilty at the end of the trial and fined (no clear winner)
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory; The trial was highly charged with political and social tensions, fueled by anti-immigrant sentiments, Red Scare fears, and anti-anarchist sentiment; Circumstantial evidence
Andrew Mellon
Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover (almost the entire 1920s); Created many conservative policies such as tax cuts, reduced government spending, and balancing the federal budget; The great depression tarnished his reputation as some thought his policies contributed to it
Boulder Dam
A dam on the Colorado River (now called Hoover Dam); Built during the Great Depression as part of a public-works program intended to stimulate business and provide jobs; The primary purposes of the dam were flood control, water storage, and the generation of hydroelectric power
Bonus Army
Group of WWI veterans that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash; Highlighted the economic hardships during the Great Depression
Walter Reuther
A found and leader of the United Auto Workers; focused on securing better wages, benefits, and working conditions for auto workers.
United Auto Workers
Represented and protested for better working conditions primarily in the automotive industry; Sit down strikes where they just sit down in the factory and don’t move
Tea Pot Dome
A political scandal in the United States under President Harding, involving the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves; Secretary of the Interior Albert B fall did it and went to jail
Kellog-Briand pact
Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another instead using only peaceful means; Didn’t want more wars after WW1
Dust Bowl
A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry; lead to significant ecological and economic challenges in the region
Woody Guthrie
American songwriter and folksinger during the 1930s; wrote numerous songs about social injustice and the hardships of the Great Depression years
Dorothea Lange
American photographer who recorded the Great Depression by taking pictures of the unemployed and rural poor; Her work played a crucial role in documenting social issues and advocating for social justice
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression; Social Security, Emergency Banking Act, and many many more
John Maynard Keynes
A British economist who heavily influenced economic theory and policy; Government heavily involved, spend money you don’t have to stimulate the economy
National Labor Relations Act
Known as the Wagner Act; Guarantees workers to right to collective bargaining and created the National Labor Relations Board
Fair Labor Standards Act
Established minimum wage, overtime pay eligibility, recordkeeping, and child labor standards.
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; A federal guarantee of savings/deposits in banks, established to promote stability and confidence in the nation’s banking system
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission; federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors
WPA
Works Progress Administration; an agency that provided job relief through public-work projects; Employed millions
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps; provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc (environmental conservation jobs) two birds 1 stone
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority; Created to address issues of poverty, unemployment, and the lack of infrastructure in the Tennessee Valley.
AAA
Agriculture adjustment association; Created to decrease the surplus food made by farmers to stabilize agriculture prices; Farmers were paid to produce less food
NIRA/NRA
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Nation Recovery Act (NRA); Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, and minimum wages, and to permit collective bargaining of workers.
Social Security
Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; Retirement, survivor, and disability benefits
Roosevelt Recession
A recession following Roosevelt’s New deal policies; caused by fiscal policy, cutting government spending, and higher taxes
Lend-Lease Act
1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security; Created to support nations fighting the axis powers while maintain neutrality
Flying Tigers
Americans who volunteered to serve as pilots fighting for China against Japan
Pearl Harbor
Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which caused America to enter WW2
Midway
An important battle in the pacific theatre of world war 2; America fought against Japan and sunk 4 carriers, marking a turning point in the pacific
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France; A major turning point of World War II.
Manhattan Project
Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
Munich Pact
Agreement made between Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France in 1938 that sacrificed the Sudetenland to preserve peace; Known as the appeasement of Hitler and gave him confidence to start WW2 (Neville chamberlain)
Tripartite Pact
agreement that created an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
An agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other; Hitler would later break this Pact and attack Russia, which was a big factor in Germany losing the war
St. Louis
Ship full of Jewish refugees, sailed from port to port in U.S. and no one allowed them to enter, turned back and put in camps
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Supreme Command of the Allied Forces in Europe; Led D-Day; Later elected to be the 34th president
Douglas MacArthur
Supreme Command of the Allied Forces in the pacific fighting against Japan; Heavily involved with Japan’s surrender and reconstruction
George S. Patton
Commander who fought in North Africa, Europe, and Sicily; Crucial in the Battle of the bulge; Known for his outspoken, controversial remarks
Tuskgee Airmen
famous segregated unit of African-American pilots; Won many awards and played a significant role in breaking down racial barriers in the U.S. military and making advancements for civil rights.
Navajo Code Talkers
Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher
442nd Regimental Combat Team
Japanese American combat team that became the most decorated military unit in American history
Double V Campaign
The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain “a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad.”; Racism in America and Racism against jews in Germany stuff
Rosie the Riveter
symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war; Represented the contributions of women during the WW2
Japanese Internment
Thousands Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII were forced into internment camps; People thought they were spies and the Japanese couldn’t do anything
Fred Korematsu
Brought law suit stating that his imprisonment in an internment camp was a violation of his civil rights; He lost but would become a symbol of resistance against the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II; Korematsu vs US still one of the most notorious cases in US history
Yalta Conference
Near the end of WW2 meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin; Discussed what to do with Germany such as reparation and division/occupoations (knew not to be so harsh); Allowed liberated Europeans to run their own governments through democratic elections; Post war planning; More immediate effects discussed
Potsdam Conference
Meeting shortly after World War 2 victory between USSR, Britain, and U.S. Discussed the future of Europe and De-Nazifacation of Germany. More longer-term issues in Europe. Failure to make complete agreements would set the stage for the Cold War.
