Unit 1-2 Key Terms Flashcards
Cahokia/Mississippi Moundbuilders:
In the early 1200s, the largest settled community with large mounds near St. Louis
Chaco Canyon/Ancestral Puebloans:
a center for the Anasazi people, trade hub and home to over twelve thousand people.
Appalachian Mountains:
the oldest mountain on the continent
Mississippi River:
Second largest North American river, used to establish Lousiana and New Orleans by France
James River:
first used by the English to establish James Town, flows into the Chesapeake bay
Chesapeake Bay:
settled by water, easily accessed ships, source of food, and good for farming, could search for gold
Massachusetts Bay:
the largest bay, important to English because of easier access to trade and shipbuilding, helped establish the colony of Massachusetts.
Christopher Columbus:
italian explorer, sailed for Spain, credited with early voyages to the Americas.
Rene de la Salle:
french explorer, claimed the Mississippi River basin for France.
Henry Hudson:
english explorer, discovered the Hudson River and Bay.
Sir Walter Raleigh:
attempted to establish a colony, helped establish virginia, known for introduction of potatoes in europe
Junipero Serra:
the spanish missionary who founded 21 missions, founded Mission San Diego, the first mission
Missions:
spanish religious settlements converting Native Americans.
Gaspar de Portola:
spanish explorer and California governor.
Presidios:
spanish military forts in the Americas.
Taino/Arawak:
Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, encountered by Columbus.
Wampanoag:
Northeastern Native American tribe, helped Pilgrims survived, had peace for 40 years
Pequot:
new england indigenous tribe, involved in conflicts with English settlers.
Powhatan:
indians near Jamestown, Chief Powhatan dominated many tribes in James River area, saw English as allies until they raided them and stole their food
Iroquois:
an alliance of northeastern native americans known for their political structure, allied first with the Dutch and later with the English
Huron:
indigenous people of the Great Lakes region, active in fur trade.
Encomienda:
spanish labor system in the Americas, involving forced labor and tribute from native americans on plantations and mines.
Mestizo:
person of mixed European and Indigenous American descent
Metis:
people of mixed European and French Canadian descent.
Anglo-Powhatan Wars:
first war ended with peace settlement by marriage of John Rolfe and pochahantas, second war, Indians were defeated
King Philip’s War:
a conflict between the Algonquian speaking Indian tribes and New England colonies, ended in victory for the colonists. almost one out of every twenty people in the region, both whites and Indians, are killed.
Pequot War:
when Massachusetts Bay wanted Conneticut, which belonged to Pequot, they burned down their village and 400 were killed
Mayflower
english ship bringing the Pilgrims to New World
Arabella
brought John Winthrop and other colonists to bay of Massachusetts
White Lion
brought the first slaves to the New World
Indentured Servants:
in exchange for passage to the New World, poorer people agree to serve someone for seven years
Columbian Exchange:
transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Triangular Trade:
trade network between europe, africa, and the colonies, exports of slaves + food + material
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:
forced movement of African slaves to the Americas.
Middle Passage:
brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.
Cash crops
Profitable crops like tobacco and cotton, shaping the colonial economy.
Fur trade:
Exchange of animal furs for European goods, significant economic activity.
Salem Witch Trials:
fear of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts caused death of many women, showed the underlying tension between colonies due to religion + social standings
Bacon’s Rebellion:
an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers, led by Nathaniel Bacon to drive Indians out of Virginia
Pueblo Revolt
pueblo indians overthrew spanish rule in new mexico for 12 years, first large scale rebellion against Europeans in Americas
Stono’s Rebellion
slaves rebelled against south carolina masters, first and only large slave rebellion in colonies before American Revolution
John Smith
survival of Jamestown because of him, established harsh law that if you do not work, you do not eat.
John Rolfe
eased tensions between colonists and Powhatan by marrying Pocahontas, established plantation system
Pocahontas
Chief Powatan’s daughter, important to peace in Jamestown
John Winthrop
governor of Massachusetts bay colony, wished to create a city upon a hill with strict morals
William Bradford
governor of Plymouth, distributed land among settlers to encourage farming
Squanto
american indian, known for bringing the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower Pilgrims together
“City on a Hill”
John Winthrop, the Puritans’ city as an example to the morally corrupt England
“The New England Way”
practices to ensure harmony: education and literacy, ministers must be trained, church must be free of state control and opposing theology
Halfway Covenant
allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church
Lord Baltimore
founded Maryland, offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists
William Penn
founded Pennsylvania, place where Quakers could be free from persecution
James Oglethorpe
Founded Georgia, allowed poor in debtor’s jail to come to Georgia
Roger Williams
founded Rhode Island for separation of church and state after being kicked from Massachusetts
Anne Hutchinson
Puritan dissenter, kicked from Massachusetts, went to Rhode Island
Virginia House of Burgesses
first miniature parliament, representative self-government
New England town hall meetings
open town meetings that allowed all citizens to speak at discretion of elected Moderator
Quaker meetings
