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Biochemistry > Unit 7 - Carb disorders > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Carb disorders Flashcards

1
Q

__ glucose levels incompatible with life

A

Very Low

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2
Q

Is high blood glucose fatal?

A

No, but causes damage/disease

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3
Q

Lactose intolerance symptoms

A

Diarrhea
Gas
Bloating

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4
Q

Can lactose itself be absorbed?

A

Not without being broken down because it is a disaccharide

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5
Q

Why does lactose intolerance cause those symptoms?

A

Lactose fermenters in GI metabolize it and cause gas and excess metabolites cause diarrhea

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6
Q

What is lactose broken down into?

A

Galactose and glucose

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7
Q

What breaks down lactose?

A

Intestinal Lactase Phlorizin Hydrolase
Lactase (beta galactosidase)

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8
Q

Is lactase persistence normal?

A

No, only in mutated populations that domesticated cows

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9
Q

3 forms of lactose intolerance

A

Congenital
Primary
Secondary

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10
Q

Congenital lactose intolerance

A

Genetic absence of lactase (v.v. rare)

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11
Q

When is congenital lactose intolerance detected?

A

Immediately because of failure to thrive

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12
Q

How prevalent is Primary lactose intolerance

A

Majority of lactose intolerances

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13
Q

What is primary lactose intolerance

A

Lactase that doesn’t persist past infancy

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14
Q

What percent of normal lactase level is needed to be asymptomatic?

A

50%

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15
Q

What is secondary lactose intolerance

A

Intestinal disease diminishes lactase
Treatable by treating underlying condition

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16
Q

What is galactosemia

A

Lactose = glucose + galactose
Galactose can’t be converted
Absence of one of 3 enzyme req. to metabolize galactose

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17
Q

What builds up in galactosemia?

A

Galactose and metabolites

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18
Q

How severe is galactosemia?

A

75% mortality without treatment

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19
Q

What does galactosemia cause?

A

Liver disease - hepatomegaly, cirrhosis
Cataracts
Brain damage
Kidney damage
Hypoglycemia

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20
Q

How does excess human GH affect glucose?

A

Glucose intolerance
Bone & Tissue Growth issues

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21
Q

Two forms of excess GH

A

Child - Pituitary gigantism
Adult - Acromegaly

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22
Q

What causes excess GH?

A

Most common - Pituitary tumor

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23
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of adrenal medulla

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24
Q

What does pheochromocytoma produce?

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline

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25
Q

What is a result of pheochromocytoma

A

Hyperglycemia
Rapid heartbeat
High blood pressure

26
Q

Glucose intolerance associated with

A

Cortisol excess
Hyperthyroidism

27
Q

A goiter and exophtalmopathy is present as well as glucose intolerance, what could this be?

A

Hyperthyroidism

28
Q

Hyperglycemia needs to be followed up with

A

A full endocrine workup

29
Q

Hypoglycemia blood glucose levels

A

<50 mg/dL

30
Q

Signs/Symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

Neurologic issues - Tremors, blurred vision, headache, fatigue, etc
Hunger
Rapid pulse

31
Q

Normal newborn glucose

A

35 mg/dL

32
Q

Whipple’s Triad for Hypoglycemia

A

Signs/Symptoms
Low plasma glucose
Relief of s/s with glucose administration

33
Q

Best way to diagnosis hypoglycemia?

A

72 hour fast with levels of glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide drawn every 6 hours

34
Q

What level are low in artificial insulin overdose?

A

C-peptide should be low with increased insulin

35
Q

Insulinoma

A

High insulin, High C peptide

36
Q

Low Glucose
High Insulin
High C-peptide

A

Insulinoma

37
Q

Low Glucose
High Insulin
Low C-peptide

A

Insulin admin with Ab cross reactivity

38
Q

Low glucose
Low Insulin
Low C-peptide

A

Insulin admin without AB cross reactivity

39
Q

Diabetes in Green

A

To pass through

40
Q

Diabetes Insipidus - Taste

A

Bland, no taste urine

41
Q

Diabetes Mellitis - Taste

A

Honey, sweet tasting urine

42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Loss of glucose tolerance

43
Q

Diabetics have on average ___ times the healthcare costs

A

2.3 times

44
Q

More people die of __ than breast cancer and aids in the US

A

Diabetes Melitus than breast cancer and aids combined

45
Q

Type 1 DM

A

Lack of insulin (5-10%)

46
Q

Type 2 DM

A

Insulin resistance (90-95%)

47
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Resolves when pregnancy complete (7% all pregnancies)

48
Q

What can cause no insulin synthesis in Type I DM

A

Autoantibodies
Autoimmunity against beta cells
Pancreatic disease

49
Q

What can cause insulin resistance in Type 2 DM

A

Type A - Obesity
Type B - Ab to insulin receptors
Impaired glucose transport

50
Q

Patient has hyperglycemia and increased urine volume, what should this be?

A

Type 1 or Type 2 DM

51
Q

Patient has hyperglycemia and increased thirst, what should this be?

A

Type 1 or Type 2 DM

51
Q

Patient has hyperglycemia with appetite and weight loss, what should this be?

A

Type 1 DM

52
Q

Patient has hyperglycemia with obesity and weight gain, what could this be?

A

Type 2 DM

53
Q

Patient has hyperglycemia with recurrent infection, UTI, and vaginitis what could this be?

A

Type 2 DM

54
Q

Which type of diabetes is associated with metabolic acidosis?

A

Type 1

55
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with what type of DM?

A

Type 1

56
Q

Acanthuses nigricans

A

Darkening in skin folds because of insulin resistance in Type 2 DM

57
Q

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

A

High Glucose
Low pH
No ketoacids produced

58
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Low blood pH
Metabolic acidosis
High anion gap
Low bicarb

59
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis in Type I DM

A

Production of ketoacids because body isn’t producing carbs cuz of no glucose

60
Q
A

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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