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Biochemistry > Unit 1 - Intro to BioChem > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Intro to BioChem Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry Definition

A

Analysis of the chemical composition of human specimen

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1
Q

Pre-Analytical Phase

A

Specimen Collection
Specimen Handling
Specimen Processing

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2
Q

Analytical Phase

A

Calibration
Control
Critical Action Value
Reference Intervals
Delta Check

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3
Q

Post Analytical Phase

A

Reporting
Critical Action Value
Clinical Decision Limit

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4
Q

When would centrifugation take place?

A

Pre-Analytical Phase

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5
Q

When would temperature control storing take place?

A

Pre-Analytical Phase

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6
Q

What should have traceability?

A

Calibrator/Standard

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7
Q

What material has a known value?

A

Calibrator
Control

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8
Q

Unknowns are compared to what?

A

The calibrator/Calibration curve

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9
Q

Unknowns are NOT compared to what?

A

The control

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10
Q

What is meant to evaluate the instrumentation’s performance?

A

Control

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11
Q

How are control values determined?

A

Comparing them to calibrator

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12
Q

Control won’t detect problems in…

A

Individual specimens

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13
Q

Controls should have what?

A

Commutability

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14
Q

What is commutability?

A

The ability to compare controls and human specimen even if their makeup is different

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15
Q

In a Gaussian Distribution, There is no guarantee that a sick person will fall….

A

outside of the reference range

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16
Q

What is evaluated during both analytical and postanalytical phases?

A

Critical Action Value

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17
Q

What are clinical decision limits?

A

Dictates when treatment is necessary

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18
Q

When is read back required?

A

Critical Action Value

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19
Q

Which is more urgent? clinical decision limit or critical action value

A

Critical action value

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20
Q

Venous Blood

A

Lower Oxygen
Higher CO2
Lower glucose

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21
Q

How can venous blood be analyzed?

A

Whole Blood
Plasma
Serum

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22
Q

How can arterial blood be analyzed?

A

Whole Blood

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23
Q

Arterial blood

A

Higher O2
Lower CO2
Higher glucose

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24
Q

Why is glucose higher in arterial blood

A

Its being transported to the tissues

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25
Q

Capillary/Skin Puncture

A

Mixture of arterial blood and venous blood

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26
Q

What is the downside of capillary blood?

A

Contamination

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27
Q

How can capillary blood be analyzed?

A

Whole Blood
Plasma
Serum

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28
Q

Midstream catches are useful when?

A

Detects UTI or bacterial infection

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29
Q

Untimed/Random Urine Specimen

A

Clean, fasting, early morning
Midstream

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30
Q

Timed Urine Specimen

A

Avoids dilution
Over a period of time

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31
Q

Preservatives in urine specimen

A

For 24hr timed specimen
Reduces bacterial growth
Prevents decomposition
Can interfere with testing

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32
Q

Fecal specimen

A

No preservatives
Refrigerate for long collection periods

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33
Q

When is CSF analyzed

A

Immediately

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34
Q

What is the first CSF tube for?

A

Chemistry since it has most contamination

35
Q

What is the second CSF tube for?

A

Microbiology since contaminating organisms should’ve been flushed out

36
Q

Why is the third CSF tube for?

A

Microscopy/Cytology (cell counts)
Since most sterile

37
Q

What is the process of removing fluid from synovial joints called?

A

Arthrocentesis

38
Q

What is the process of removing amniotic fluid called?

A

Amniocentesis

39
Q

What is paracentesis?

A

Sterile procedure for enclosed body sites

40
Q

What are uncontrollable factors that affect specimen composition?

A

Biological
Environmental
Underlying health conditions

41
Q

Fasting definition

A

No food or liquid other than water
8-12 hr

42
Q

Post-prandial definition

A

After a meal/ingestion of standard nutrient
2hr for glucose

43
Q

IV drawing options

A

1st: Other arm
2nd: Below IV
3rd: Turn IV off 2min, draw above

44
Q

What happens to blood volume after going from lying down to standing up?

A

Blood volume reduced by 9% for 30 minutes

45
Q

Patient identification protocols

A

Check armbands when present
Photo ID
Speak FN, LN, DOB
Verify with caregiver/family if nonverbal

46
Q

What must be done before leaving the patient after a specimen collection?

A

Confirm armband and specimen
Ask patient to verify label

47
Q

When should plasma/serum be separated?

A

Less than 2 hours

48
Q

What can premature separation do?

A

Lead to continued clotting of serum after separation

49
Q

What does evaporation of serum/plasma do to analyze concentration?

A

False increase

50
Q

What happens to volatile analyses in an improperly sealed/capped tube?

A

False decrease as it escapes

51
Q

Room Temp for storage

A

25ºC

52
Q

Refrigerator Temp for Storage

A

2-8ºC

53
Q

Freezer temp for storage

A

-10º to -20ºC

54
Q

Hemolysis absorbance peak

A

415 nm

55
Q

Icterus Absorbance Peak

A

~454 nm

56
Q

Lipemia absorbance peak

A

~700 nm

57
Q

3 strategies to handle HIL flags

A

Report results
Cancel Test
Dilute specimen

58
Q

Two Types of IN VIVO hemolysis

A

Extravascular
Intravascular

59
Q

Extravascular hemolysis

A

RBC defects causing lysis
Infections in RBC (malaria)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Excess spleen activity

60
Q

Intravascular hemolysis

A

Microangiopathy
Transfusion reaction
Infections like malaria and sepsis
Hemolytic disease

61
Q

In vitro hemolysis

A

Blood draw
Frozen specimen
Shaking
Delay

62
Q

When does the Analytical Phase begin?

A

When specimen retrieved from storage and verify acceptability

63
Q

Quality Control

A

Error detected

64
Q

Quality Assurance

A

Error prevented

65
Q

Error Cannot:

A

Invalidate medical usefulness of result
or
Cause lab to fail proficiency testing

66
Q

What is random error

A

Method imprecision
Cannot escape it
±4SD

67
Q

What is systematic error formula

A

observed value minus accepted value
(x - u)

68
Q

What is total error

A

Systematic error plus random error

69
Q

Value alone is not enough. What other information must accompany it?

A

Reference interval
Type or condition of specimen

70
Q

What are controls compared to?

A

Calibrators

71
Q

What is systematic error?

A

The measured value either consistently above or below the actual value

72
Q

Is systematic error ever okay?

A

Yes as long as it doesn’t invalidate medical usefulness

73
Q

What are the two components of systematic error?

A

Constant error
Proportional error

74
Q

What does method insensitivity do to the value of an analyte?

A

False depression

75
Q

What does oversensitivity do to the value of an analyte?

A

False elevation

76
Q

What does diabetes do to glucose levels?

A

Increases them since insulin isn’t working

77
Q

What does kidney disease do to waste levels?

A

False increase

78
Q

What does collection above an IV site do to analyte levels?

A

Hemodilution

79
Q

Can a critical action value be sent by paper?

A

No, requires read back and verbal communication

80
Q

What is required to accurately aspirate specimen?

A

Dead volume

81
Q

What are the problems with capillary punctures?

A

Hemolysis
Contamination
Difficult blood flow

82
Q

Can small children and neonates have blood drawn using evacuated tubes?

A

Not really, the vacuum can collapse veins

83
Q

How should you collect urine from a small child or neonate?

A

Adhesive bag

84
Q

What is not recommended for capturing urine in small children and neonates?

A

Cotton balls, especially for microscopic because of the fibers

85
Q

Beers law calculation

A

(Unk Abs * Std Conc) / (Std Abs)

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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