Unit 4 - Redone ( need to finish ) Flashcards
Electroendosmosis
Gamma globulins smacking into cations and moving towards the cathode instead of anode
Causes of elevated total protein
Hemoconcentration
Overproduction
Excess retention
Causes of low total protein levels
Liver disease
Malabsorption/Malnutrition
Excessive loss (Kidney disease, burns, GI disease, edema)
What has the greatest effect on oncotic pressure?
Albumin
Osmotic vs Oncotic (Colloidal osmotic) Pressure
Osmotic - total number of dissolved particles
Oncotic - Portion of osmotic pressure that is made up of proteins or colloidal molecules
Where is serum albumin synthesized
Liver
Decreased albumin synthesis caused by
Cirrhosis or liver disease
Negative Acute Phase Reactant
Malabsorption/Malnutrition
Hereditary analbuminemia
Loss of albumin caused by
Renal-nephrotic syndrome
Severe Burns
Open wounds
Excessive bleeding
GI tract loss
Elevations of albumin typically mean
Dehydration or hemoconcentration
Tamm Horsfall
Small wear and tear proteins present in urine
Low albumin levels can be due to
APR
Chronic inflammation
Nephrotic Syndrome
GI protein loss
Liver dysfunction
Malnutrition
Hypoalbuminemia vs analbuminemia
Hypo- Low with no other abnormalities
An - Profoundly low
Smallest band (normally)
Alpha - 1
Important Alpha - 1 Fractions
A-1 Antitrypsin (!)
What does alpha-1 antitrypsin do
Controls effect of proteolytic enzymes following inflammatory reactions
IMportant Alpha - 2 Fractions
Haptoglobin
Cerruloplasmin
In a non-split gel, a slight division can be seen in a normally homogenous band. What could this be?
Fresh serum due to complement
Important Beta-1 Fractions
Transferrin
Hemopexin
Importnat Beta-2 Fractions
LDL
C3
Important Gamma Fractions
Gamma Globulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) (IgD, IgE too low to be picked up)
CRP (near application point)
Bisalbuminemia and what its seen in
Two Alb peaks
Seen in Diabetics or Certain drugs
Acute Phase Reaction Pattern
Low Albumin
high Alpha-1
High Alpha-2
Low Transferrin (beta-1)
Nephrotic Syndrome Pattern
Profoundly low albumin
Elevated Alpha-2
Like APR but more extreme
If a spike appears to be CRP in nephrotic syndrome or APR, how do you report that?
You can’t confirm CRP
“Consistent with monoclonal spike”
Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia Pattern
Broad increase of gamma region
can be accompanied with APR -
Low Albumin
high Alpha 2
Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia can be due to
Chronic or current inflammation
Current infection
Severe Hepatic Disease
Polyclonal gammopathy
Overal depression of proteins
Hypogammaglobulinemia can be due to
Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Antitrypsin deficiency can cause…
Lung damage
Liver damage or cirrhosis from unsecreted A1AT
Beta-Gamma bridge due to
Cirrhosis or Liver Disease
Beta Gamma bridge causes
Low Albumin
Beta Gamma bridge
Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia
Possible cause of monoclonal spike (IgM)
