unit 7 Flashcards
stress
any circumstance that threaten/perceive threat to someone’s well-being, strains coping abilities
biopsychosocial model
physical illness is caused by interaction of bio, psycho, and social factors
health psychology
how do psychological factors relate to illnesses
Richard Lazarus
Hassle scale, primary and secondary appraisals
Primary appraisal
initial evaluation of an event: irrelevant? relevant and not threatening? stressful?
secondary appraisal
event is stressful, evaluate coping resources and look at options to deal with it
acute stressors
threatening events with short durations
chronic stressors
threatening events with a long duration and no apparent time limit
the four types of stress
frustration, conflict, change, pressure
frustration
a situation that gets in the way of your goal
conflict
two or more incompatible motivations compete
approach-approach conflict
choice between 2 attractive goals (least stressful)
avoidance-avoidance conflict
choice between 2 unattractive goals (most stressful)
approach-avoidance conflict
choice for 1 goal that has good and bad in it
life changes
changes in living circumstances that require significant adjustment
Social Readjustment Scale (SRRS)
measure life change in stress form
pressure
expectations/demands to behave a certain way
responses to stress (3)
emotional, physical, behavioural
Positive emotions can… (3)
alter people’s mindset and creative problem solving, undo negative emotions, promote good social interaction
fight-or-flight response
(ANS) automatic nervous system, sympatheticdivision, mobilizes for attacking or fleeing
General adaptation syndrome (3 stages)
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Hans Selye
General adaptation syndrome, stress reactions are non specific to different events
Alarm reaction
first recognizes threat
stage of resistance
prolonged stress, physiological changes stablize, accustomed to threat
stage of exhaustion
body’s resource deplete if stress cannot be overcome
hypothalamus
initiates action along the endocrine system
pathway 1: sympathetic division (ANS) (fight or flight response), adrenal medulla, catecholamines in the bloodstream (slower digestion)
pathway 2: hypothalamus, pituitary, ACTH, corticosteroids
coping
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands of stress, adaptive or maladaptive
learned helplessness
passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
aggression
any behaviour intended to hurt someone either verbally or physically
catharsis
release of emotional tension
self-indulgence
excess consumption
internet addiction
spending lots of time on the web, unable to control that time
defence mechanisms
unconscious reactions that help protect people from feeling things like guilt and anxiety, work through self-deception
constructive coping
healthful efforts to deal with stress
- confront directly
- realistic appraisals
- recognize and regulate disruptive emotional reactions to stress
burnout
emotional exhaustion, cynicism, from chronic work related stress
PTSD
enduring psychological disturbances from a major traumatic event
resilience
successful adaptation to significant stress and trauma, lack of serious negative outcomes
psychosomatic diseases
genuine physical ailments thought to be caused by stress and other psychological factors
atherosclerosis
principal cause of heart disease
type a personality
- competitive 2. impatient 3. angry and hostile
type b
relaxed, easy going, amicable
Stuart McCann
precocity-longevity hypothesis, early success=early death
immune response
body’s defence to invasive bacteria, viral agents, foreign substances
social support
aid and emotional sustenance provided by members of one’s social networks
optimism
tendency to expect good outcomes
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV)
immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus
rational-emotive therapy
approach to therapy that alters client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behaviour
catastrophic thinking
unrealistic negative appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems
Albert Ellis
“you feel the way you think”, people can short-circuit their emotional reactions to stress by appraising it differently, A-B-C sequence. A
A: activating event
B: belief system
C: consequence
