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Psych 290 > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. measurement and description 2. understanding and prediction 3. application and control
A

goals of the scientific enterprise

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2
Q

tentative statement about a relationship between 2 or more variables, test 2 or so at a time

A

hypothesis

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3
Q

any measurable conditions, characteristics or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study

A

variables

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4
Q

must be testable, set of interrelated ideas used to explain observations. from description to understanding

A

theory

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5
Q

describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable (methods?)

A

operational definition

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6
Q

persons or animals whose behaviour is systematically observed in a study

A

participants/subjects

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7
Q

procedures for making empirical observations and measurements

A

data collection techniques

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8
Q

watch and record behaviour objectively, stopwatch and video recorder

A

direct observation

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9
Q

subjects answer written questions about aspects of their attitudes, opinions, aspects of behaviour

A

questionnaire

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10
Q

face-to-face dialogue, obtain information about a subject’s behaviour

A

interview

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11
Q

standardized measure to obtain a sample of behaviour, Mental abilities or personality traits

A

psychological test

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12
Q

monitor or record physiological processes (heart rate, brain activity…)

A

physiological recording

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13
Q

researcher analyzes existing archives (medical, economic, educational, legal…)

A

examination of archival records

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14
Q
  1. formulate a testable hypothesis 2. select the research method and design the study 3. collect the data 4. analyze data and draw conclusions 5. report findings
A

steps to a scientific investigation

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15
Q

periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, niche

A

journal

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16
Q

various approaches to observation, measurement, manipulation, control of variables

A

research methods

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17
Q

research method where a variable is manipulated in controlled conditions and observes any changes in a second variable

A

experiment

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18
Q

what is manipulated in an experiment to see the impact on another

A

independant variable

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19
Q

what is being observed for potential change from the manipulated variable

A

dependant variable

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20
Q

group in an experiment with special treatment (independent variable)

A

experimental group

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21
Q

group in an experiment that does not receive any special treatment

A

control group

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22
Q

variables other than the independent that seem to influence the dependent

A

extraneous variables

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23
Q

when 2 variables are linked in a way that it is difficult to identify their specific effects

A

confounding of variables

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24
Q

when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition

A

random assignment

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25
Q

subjects serve as their own control group

A

within-subject design

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26
Q

two of more independent groups of subjects are exposed to a manipulation of an independent variable

A

between-subject design

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27
Q

research experiments in settings very similar to real life, or in real life

A

field experiment

28
Q

more applicable results to real life

A

generalizability

29
Q

observation of behaviour without intervention

A

naturalistic observation

30
Q

when a subject’s behaviour is altered by the presence of an observer

A

reactivity

31
Q

in-depth investigation of a particular subject

A

case study

32
Q

case study of victims of suicide

A

psychological autopsies

33
Q

questionnaires or interviews to gather information about a participants’ behaviour

A

survey

34
Q

using math to organize, summarize, and interpret data

A

statistics

35
Q

organize and summarize data

A

descriptive statistics

36
Q

median, mea, mode

A

measures of central tendency

37
Q

score in the exact centre of a distribution of scores

A

median

38
Q

arithmetic average of scores, most useful

A

mean

39
Q

most frequent score in a distribution

A

mode

40
Q

line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution

A

frequency polygon

41
Q

arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each/groups of scores

A

frequency distribution

42
Q

tail points to negative, scores pile up at the high end of the scale

A

negatively skewed distribution

43
Q

tail points to positive, scores pile up at the low end of the scale

A

positively skewed distribution

44
Q

three measures of central tendency converge

A

symmetrical distribution

45
Q

how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean

A

variability

46
Q

difference from the highest and lowest scores

A

range

47
Q

index amount of variability is a set of data (high variability, high standard of deviation)

A

standard deviation

48
Q

symmetrical bell shaped curve, represents human characteristics

A

normal distribution

49
Q

% of people at or below a particular score

A

percentile score

50
Q

two variables are related to each other (quantify strength of relationship)

A

correlation

51
Q

numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables (+ or -)

A

correlation coefficient

52
Q

2 variables covary in the same direction

A

positive correlation

53
Q

2 variables covary in the opposite direction

A

negative correlation

54
Q

strength of correlation (- or +1 is perfect 1 to 1 relationship)

A

size of the coefficient

55
Q

stats used to interpret data and draw conclusions

A

inferential statistics

56
Q

exists when the probability that chance is very low (5 chances in 100, 0.05 level of significance)

A

statistical significance

57
Q

repeat a study to see if results are duplicated

A

replication

58
Q

combo of stat results of many studies with the same question, estimate of the size and consistency of a variable’s effects

A

meta-analysis

59
Q

sample is misrepresenting the population

A

sampling bias

60
Q

the larger collection from which the sample is drawn, what researchers want to study

A

population

61
Q

participants’ expectations influence what they experience

A

placebo effect

62
Q

tendency to respond to a question in an unrelated way (agree with everything for example)

A

response set

63
Q

experimenter’s result preferences influence the results of an experiment

A

experimenter bias

64
Q

neither subjects nor experimenters know which group is the control group and which is the experimental group

A

double-blind procedure

65
Q

studies where data is collected on the internet

A

internet-mediated research

66
Q
  1. respect for dignity of persons 2. responsible caring 3. integrity in relationships 4. responsibility to society
A

code of ethics (canadian)

Psych 290 (9 decks)

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